Hand grip strength in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants

	Non-COPD (N=2,542)	COPD (N=421)	P-value
Age	56.4±10.3	65.4±8.8	<0.001
Male sex	992 (39.0)	317 (75.3)	<0.001
Height, cm	160.9±8.7	164.5±8.6	<0.001
BMI, kg/m^2	24.3±3.1	23.9±2.8	0.01
Current smoker	344 (13.7)	111 (27.2)	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	83.5±8.9	86.1±8.3	<0.001
Hypertension	722 (28.4)	172 (40.9)	<0.001
Diabetes	246 (9.7)	68 (16.2)	<0.001
MI/angina	73 (3.0)	22 (5.4)	0.01
Depression	139 (5.5)	15 (3.6)	0.16
Pulmonary function test
FVC, L	3.45±0.84	3.68±0.91	<0.001
FVC, % predicted	93.3±11.2	91.1±14.2	0.002
FEV1, L	2.73±0.66	2.35±0.64	<0.001
FEV1, % predicted	94.9±11.6	79.9±15.3	<0.001
FEV1/FVC, %	79.4±4.7	63.9±6.3	<0.001
Hand grip strength, kg	29.9±9.5	33.3±9.1	<0.001
EQ-5D index	0.94±0.11	0.92±0.13	<0.001
Mobility	1.49±1.65	1.51±1.46	0.77
Self-care	1.38±1.64	1.33±1.45	0.53
Daily activity	1.43±1.64	1.39±1.45	0.64
Pain/discomfort	1.61±1.66	1.58±1.47	0.71
Anxiety/depression	1.46±1.65	1.38±1.46	0.36

Note: Data shown as mean ± standard deviation and n (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; EQ-5D, EuroQOL5-item questionnaire.

Figure 1 Relationship between hand grip strength and pulmonary function.

Abbreviations: FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.

Table 2 Hand grip strength stratified by age and sex

	Age group	Non-COPD	COPD	P-values
Male	40–50	43.1±6.9	43.1±7.4	>0.99
	51–60	39.2±6.1	41.0±7.0	0.04
	61–70	36.3±6.1	36.4±6.2	0.95
	71–80	32.0±5.5	32.6±6.0	0.45
Female	40–50	25.7±4.4	22.6±4.9	0.33
	51–60	24.4±4.2	24.7±5.1	0.77
	61–70	23.1±4.4	22.6±4.2	0.44
	71–80	19.6±4.3	20.3±5.4	0.46

Note: Data shown as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 3 Multivariable analysis for association between quality of life and hand grip strength

Adjusted EuroQOL	Non-COPD		COPD
	β	P-values	β	P-values
Total	0.21	<0.001	0.30	<0.001
Mobility	−0.14	<0.001	−0.25	<0.001
Self-care	−0.01	0.78	−0.06	0.32
Daily activity	−0.09	<0.001	−0.19	0.01
Pain/discomfort	−0.15	<0.001	−0.32	<0.001
Anxiety/depression	−0.08	0.002	−0.16	0.01

Note: Adjusted by age, waist circumference, FEV₁ (% predicted), presence of myocardial infarction/angina, hypertension, and depression in addition to hand grip strength.