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Original Research

Long-term cost and utility consequences of short-term clinically important deterioration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study

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Pages 939-951 | Published online: 03 May 2019

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study design.

Abbreviation: CID, clinically important deterioration.
Figure 1 Study design.

Table 1 Baseline demographics and characteristics

Figure 2 Patient disposition.

Abbreviations: CID, clinically important deterioration; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EQ-5D, EuroQol 5-dimensional scale; TORCH, TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health.
Figure 2 Patient disposition.

Table 2 Healthcare resource utilization by CID status and by treatment

Figure 3 Total direct costs PPPY* (2016 GBP) by CID status, for all treatments (A) and by individual treatment (B). *Cost data are presented to three significant figures for values of four figures or more and to the nearest pound for values of three figures or less; adjusted using a two-part modeling approach, where a logistic regression was run to predict the likelihood of having costs >0, followed by a generalized linear model (gamma distribution with a log link) run for patients with positive costs. The results of these two models were then used to calculate predicted cost estimates for each patient. 95% CIs were generated using 5,000 bootstrapped samples (sampling with replacement). Analysis of complete cases was weighted by the inverse probability of being a complete case.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CID, clinically important deterioration; FP, fluticasone propionate; GBP, Great British Pounds; PPPY, per patient per year; SAL, salmeterol.
Figure 3 Total direct costs PPPY* (2016 GBP)† by CID status, for all treatments (A) and by individual treatment (B). *Cost data are presented to three significant figures for values of four figures or more and to the nearest pound for values of three figures or less; †adjusted using a two-part modeling approach, where a logistic regression was run to predict the likelihood of having costs >0, followed by a generalized linear model (gamma distribution with a log link) run for patients with positive costs. The results of these two models were then used to calculate predicted cost estimates for each patient. 95% CIs were generated using 5,000 bootstrapped samples (sampling with replacement). Analysis of complete cases was weighted by the inverse probability of being a complete case.

Figure 4 EQ-5D score by time and CID status at Week 24 and 3 years. *EQ-5D was administered in only a subset of countries participating in the TORCH study.

Abbreviations: CID, clinically important deterioration; EQ-5D, EuroQol 5-dimensional scale; TORCH, TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health.
Figure 4 EQ-5D score by time and CID status at Week 24 and 3 years. *EQ-5D was administered in only a subset of countries participating in the TORCH study.

Table 3 EQ-5D utility changes by CID status and by treatment

Table S1 Direct medical costs included in the CID analysis

Table S2 EQ-5D utility changes and health resource utilization by CID status

Data availability

The corresponding author had full access to all data. Anonymized individual participant data and study documents can be requested for further research from www.clinicalstudydatarequest.com.