Virtual Reality Rehabilitation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Patients

	ET n=34	ET+VR n=38	VR n=38	Between-Group Comparison p-value*
Men, n	18	19	10	p > 0.05
Women, n	16	19	28	p > 0.05
Age, years (SD)	62.1 ± 2.9	60.6 ± 4.3	60.4 ± 4.2	p > 0.05
BMI, kg/m^2	25.3 ± 4	24.2 ± 4	23.5 ± 3	p > 0.05
Group B/C	17/17	19/19	19/19	p > 0.05
Spirometry parameters
FVC, (% pred)	79.5 ± 23.8	73.2 ± 13.9	82.6 ± 17.5	p > 0.05
FEV1, (% pred)	65.4 ± 24.0	60.5 ± 16.2	69.2 ± 23.6	p > 0.05
FEV1, % FVC	66.1 ± 13.6	65.8 ± 16.2	66.9 ± 16.0	p > 0.05

Notes: *The ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis; % pred, predicted values from Viljanen²².

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.

Figure 1 CONSORT 2010 Flow Diagram.

Abbreviations: ET, endurance training; ET+VR, endurance training + virtual reality training; VR, virtual reality training.

Table 2 Parameters of the Senior Fitness Test, Within Group Comparison

Variable	Group	Baseline	Post-Rehabilitation	Change
		LS Means (Lower CL - Upper CL)	LS Means (Lower CL - Upper CL)	Difference (± SE)	p-Value
Arm curl [rep.]	ET	18.97 (17.88–20.06)	20.32 (19.24–21.41)	1.35 (±0.47)	0.005
	ET+VR	18.71 (17.68–19.74)	21.97 (20.95–23)	3.26 (±0.44)	0.000
	VR	21 (19.91–22.09)	25.65 (24.56–26.73)	4.65 (±0.47)	0.000
Chair stand [rep.]	ET	14.76 (13.65–15.88)	15.59 (14.47–16.7)	0.82 (±0.4)	0.043
	ET+VR	14.61 (13.55–15.66)	16.89 (15.84–17.95)	2.29 (±0.38)	0.000
	VR	16.35 (15.24–17.47)	18.97 (17.85–20.09)	2.62 (±0.4)	0.000
Back scratch [cm]	ET	−7.86 (−10.98 - −4.73)	−7.12 (−10.24 - −4)	0.74 (±0.3)	0.016
	ET+VR	−6.26 (−9.2 - −3.32)	−4.22 (−7.16 - −1.28)	2.04 (±0.28)	0.000
	VR	−4.88 (−7.99 - −1.77)	−3.53 (−6.64 - −0.42)	1.35 (±0.3)	0.000
Chair sit and reach [cm]	ET	0.03 (−2.5–2.56)	0.44 (−2.08–2.97)	0.41 (±0.51)	0.417
	ET+VR	0.53 (−1.86–2.92)	3.2 (0.81–5.59)	2.67 (±0.48)	0.000
	VR	2.87 (0.34–5.39)	4.43 (1.9–6.95)	1.56 (±0.51)	0.003
Up and go [s]	ET	6.36 (6.03–6.68)	6.18 (5.86–6.5)	−0.18 (±0.09)	0.065
	ET+VR	6.01 (5.7–6.31)	5.26 (4.96–5.57)	−0.74 (±0.09)	0.000
	VR	5.84 (5.51–6.16)	5.46 (5.14–5.79)	−0.37 (±0.09)	0.000
6 min walk test [m]	ET	492.07 (479.39–504.74)	508.3 (495.63–520.97)	16.24 (±6.47)	0.014
	ET+VR	471.53 (459.58–483.47)	510.63 (498.69–522.57)	39.11 (±6.12)	0.000
	VR	487.91 (475.29–500.54)	523.38 (510.76–536.01)	35.47 (±6.47)	0.000

Abbreviations: LS mean, Least Squares Means; CL, confidence level; SE, standard errors; ET, endurance training; ET+VR, endurance training + virtual reality training; VR, virtual reality training.

Table 3 Components of the Senior Fitness Test, Between Group Comparison

Variable	Group	First Measurement		Second Measurement		Second - First
		Difference (±SE)	p-Value	Difference (±SE)	p-Value	Difference (±SE)	p-Value
Arm curl [rep.]	ET vs ET+VR	−0.26 (±0.76)	0.937	1.65 (±0.76)	0.078	1.91 (±0.63)	0.003
	ET vs VR	2.03 (±0.78)	0.027	5.32 (±0.78)	0	3.29 (±0.65)	0.000
Chair stand [rep.]	ET vs ET+VR	−0.16 (±0.78)	0.977	1.31 (±0.78)	0.216	1.47 (±0.55)	0.008
	ET vs VR	1.59 (±0.8)	0.119	3.38 (±0.8)	0	1.79 (±0.56)	0.001
Back scratch [cm]	ET vs ET+VR	1.59 (±2.17)	0.743	2.9 (±2.17)	0.378	1.3 (±0.41)	0.002
	ET vs VR	2.97 (±2.22)	0.378	3.59 (±2.22)	0.244	0.62 (±0.42)	0.133
Chair sit and reach [cm]	ET vs ET+VR	0.5 (±1.76)	0.957	2.76 (±1.76)	0.263	2.26 (±0.69)	0.001
	ET vs VR	2.84 (±1.8)	0.261	3.99 (±1.8)	0.074	1.15 (±0.7)	0.097
Up and go [s]	ET vs ET+VR	−0.35 (±0.22)	0.272	−0.92 (±0.22)	0	−0.57 (±0.13)	0.000
	ET vs VR	−0.52 (±0.23)	0.066	−0.71 (±0.23)	0.007	−0.19 (±0.13)	0.133
6 min walk test [m]	ET vs ET+VR	−20.54 (±8.82)	0.055	2.33 (±8.82)	0.962	22.87 (±8.78)	0.011
	ET vs VR	−4.15 (±9.06)	0.891	15.08 (±9.06)	0.222	19.24 (±9.02)	0.031

Abbreviations: SE, standard errors; ET, endurance training; ET+VR, endurance training + virtual reality training; VR, virtual reality training.

ViljanenA. Reference values for spirometric, pulmonary diffusing capacity and body plethysmographic studies. Scand J Clin Invest. 1982;42:1–50.7134786

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