Relationship Between Changes in Inhalation Treatment Level and Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Nationwide the Health Insurance and Assessment Service Database

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Primary Assessment of COPD Quality of Care

	Features	Number	%
Gender	Male	55,145	80.0
	Female	13,798	20.0
Age group	40–49 years	1422	2.1
	50–59 years	7866	11.4
	60–69 years	19,868	28.8
	70–79 years	28,335	41.1
	80–89 years	10,768	15.6
	≥90 years	684	1.0
Medication	LABA	8621	12.5
	LAMA	42,391	61.5
	Methylxanthine	44,313	64.3
	ICS	37,811	54.8
	PDE4 inhibitor	2822	4.1
Total		68,943	100

Abbreviations: ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long acting beta₂ receptor agonist; LAMA, long acting muscarinic receptor agonist; PDE4, phosphodiesterase 4.

Figure 1 Proportion of COPD medication in each assessment.

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β2 receptor agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic receptor agonist.

Figure 2 Hospital admission and emergency room visit according to inhaler use for each three assessments.

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β2 receptor agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic receptor agonist.

Figure 3 Changes of inhaler treatment between first and second assessment.

Figure 4 COPD-related hospitalization or ER visit according to changes in inhaler treatment between first and second assessments. *, <0.001.

Figure 5 Hospitalization or ER visit focused on escalation and de-escalation group. Mono includes LAMA or LABA; dual includes ICS/LABA or LABA/LAMA; triple denotes ICS/LABA/LAMA. *, <0.001; **, <0.01.