Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Agriculturists in a Rural Community, Central Thailand

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Agriculturists in a Rural Community, Central Thailand (n=546)

Characteristics	n (%)
Gender
Male	262 (48.0)
Female	284 (52.0)
Age (years)
18–39	48 (8.8)
40–49	101 (18.5)
50–59	148 (27.1)
60–69	142 (26.0)
70–79	84 (15.4)
≥80	23 (4.2)
Mean±S.D.	57.1±13.6
Min-Max	18–94
Religions
Buddhism	536 (98.2)
Christian	10 (1.8)
Marital status
Single	39 (7.1)
Married	457 (83.7)
Widowed	30 (5.5)
Separated/divorced	20 (3.7)
Level of education
No formal education	44 (8.1)
Grade 1–6	407 (74.5)
Grade 7–9	44 (8.1)
Grade 10–12 or vocational level	37 (6.8)
Bachelor’s degree or higher	14 (2.6)
Agriculture
Livestock	91 (16.7)
Crop	171 (31.3)
Both	284 (52.0)
BMI (kg/m^2)
<18.5	50 (9.2)
18.5–22.9	261 (47.8)
23.0–24.9	107 (19.6)
25.0–29.9	110 (20.1)
≥30	18 (3.3)
Mean±S.D.	22.8±3.4
Min-Max	14.3–35.9
Agricultural duration (years)
<30	216 (39.6)
30–39	104 (19.0)
40–49	114 (20.9)
≥50	112 (20.5)
Mean±S.D.	31.3±15.2
Home cooking	459 (84.1)
Charcoal used as fuel for cooking	342 (62.6)
Firewood used as fuel for cooking	123 (26.8)
Gas used as fuel for cooking	370 (80.6)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; S.D., standard deviation.

Table 2 Risk Factors for COPD Among Agriculturists in a Rural Community, Central Thailand, 2020 (n=546)

Factors	Non-COPD		COPD		Univariate Analysis						Multivariate Analysis
	n (%)		n (%)		OR			95% CI		p-value	AOR		95% CI		p-value
Gender
Female	275 (96.8)		9 (3.2)		1.00						1.00
Male	241 (92.0)		21 (8.0)		2.66			1.20–5.92		0.016	1.05		0.38–2.95		0.921
Age (years)
18–59	290 (97.6)		7 (2.4)		1.00						1.00
≥60	226 (90.8)		23 (9.2)		4.22			1.78–10.00		0.001	2.67		1.02–6.99		0.046
BMI (kg/m^2)
18.5–22.9	247 (94.6)		14 (5.4)		1.00
<18.5	43 (86.0)		7 (14.0)		2.87			1.10–7.53		0.032
23.0–24.9	104 (97.2)		3 (2.8)		0.51			0.14–1.81		0.296
≥25.0	122 (95.3)		6 (4.7)		0.87			0.33–2.31		0.777
Mean±S.D.	22.9±3.4		21.4±3.6		0.86			0.76–0.98		0.020	0.88		0.77–1.02		0.102
Rice cultivation
No	184 (96.3)		7 (3.7)		1.00
Yes	332 (93.5)		23 (6.5)		1.82			0.77–4.33		0.174
Cassava cultivation
No	272 (94.8)		15 (5.2)		1.00
Yes	244 (94.2)		15 (5.8)		1.12			0.53–2.33		0.772
Rubber tree
No	472 (94.4)		28 (5.6)		1.00
Yes	44 (95.7)		2 (4.3)		0.77			0.18–3.32		0.722
Corn cultivation
No	460 (94.1)		29 (5.9)		1.00
Yes	56 (98.2)		1 (1.8)		0.28			0.04–2.12		0.219
Poultry raising
No	241 (95.6)		11 (4.4)		1.00
Yes	275 (93.5)		19 (6.5)		1.51			0.71–3.23		0.287
Cattle raising
No	390 (96.5)		14 (3.5)		1.00						1.00
Yes	126 (88.7)		16 (11.3)		3.54			1.68–7.45		0.001	3.33		1.36–8.18		0.009
Swine raising
No	451 (96.0)		19 (4.0)		1.00						1.00
Yes	65 (85.5)		11 (14.5)		4.02			1.83–8.82		0.001	4.13		1.65–10.32		0.002
Agricultural duration (years)
<30	212 (98.1)		4 (1.9)		1.00
30–39	98 (94.2)		6 (5.8)		3.25			0.90–11.76		0.073
40–49	107 (93.9)		7 (6.1)		3.47			0.99–12.11		0.051
≥50	99 (88.4)		13 (11.6)		6.96			2.21–21.89		0.001
Mean±S.D.	30.8±15.2		40.6±12.1		1.05			1.02–1.07		0.001
Smoking status
Never	363 (98.6)		5 (1.4)		1.00
Current smoker	89 (89.9)		10 (10.1)		8.16			2.72–24.46		<0.001
Ex-smoker	64 (81.0)		15 (19.0)		17.02			5.97–46.45		<0.001
Smoking intensity (pack-year)
Never	363 (98.6)		5 (1.4)		1.00
<5	33 (91.7)		3 (8.3)		6.83			1.56–29.87		0.011
5–9	26 (86.7)		4 (13.3)		11.20			2.84–44.24		0.001
≥10	94 (83.9)		18 (16.1)		13.94			5.05–38.52		<0.001
Mean±S.D.	4.7±10.8		28.7±34.8		1.06			1.04–1.08		<0.001	1.06		1.03–1.08		<0.001
Home-cooking
No	80 (95.2)		4 (4.8)		1.00
Yes	433 (94.3)		26 (5.7)		1.20			0.41–3.53		0.740	2.70		0.76–9.65		0.125
Exercise
No	358 (94.2)		22 (5.8)		1.00
Yes	158 (95.2)		8 (4.8)		0.82			0.36–1.89		0.648

Notes: Multivariable logistic regression (Enter); adjusted for gender, age, BMI, cattle raising, swine raising, smoking intensity and home-cooking

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; S.D., standard deviation.