Different Clusters in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Two-Center Study in Brazil

Figures & data

Figure 1 Total patient evaluation, division of each study center, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and final number of patients evaluated.

Figure 2 Proportions of pharmacological treatment according to each cluster. Values expressed as a percentage.

Abbreviations: LABA, long-acting beta2-agonists; LAMA, long-acting anticholinergic; CI, inhaled corticosteroids; SABA/IPA, short‐acting beta agonists/short-acting anticholinergics.

Table 1 General Characteristics of the Patients According to Cluster

Cluster
Variables	1 (n=203)	2 (n=49)	3 (n=13)	4 (n=26)	P-value
Age, years	67.3±9.4	68.0±10.5	67.5±9.7	68.1±10.0	0.95
Male, %	52.7	59.1	69.2	42.3	0.34
BMI, kg/m^2	25.9±5.6^a,b	24.2±5.5^b	22.6±6.1^b	28.9±6.4^a	0.002
SpO2 rest, %	93.0±2.6^b	92.0±3.2^b	92.8±2.82^b	80.6±5.0^a	<0.0001
SaO2, mmHg	90.3±7.6	90.4±9.5	86.3±10.8	89.2±5.7	0.38
PaO2, mmHg	64.9±22.9	66.6±11.4	57.9±15.3	61.3±12.8	0.06
PaCO2, mmHg	41.2±6.9	40.2±7.1	43.7±8.2	42.0±7.1	0.52
Neutrophils, 10^3/mm^3	4649±1658^a	5116±1712^a,b	6535±2587^b	5215±2194^a,b	0.002
Eosinophils, 10^3/mm^3	218±103^b	959±389^a	221±159^b	236±140^b	<0.0001
Lymphocytes, 10^3/mm^3	1858±638^a,b	2084±737^a	1707±577^a,b	1561±547^b	0.008
CRP, mg/dL	0.7 (0.5–1.2)^a,c	0.6 (0.5–1.2)^a,c	6.1 (4.1–7.7)^b	1.4 (0.7–2.0)^a,c	<0.0001
Previous exacerbation rate, %	33.5	34	30	38.5	0.70
Exacerbation 1 year of follow-up, %	47	55	61	65	0.27
FVC, L	2.36±0.8	2.29±0.8	2.29±0.4	1.89±0.7	0.07
FCV, %	69.7±20.6	66.3±15.5	68.0±15.1	60.2±15.1	0.14
FEV1, L	1.25±0.6	1.17±0.5	1.07±0.3	0.98±0.4	0.09
FEV1, %	46.9±18.4	43.1±12.9	42.2±16.6	40.0±21.5	0.18
FEV1/FCV, L	0.52±0.0	0.51±0.0	0.48±0.1	0.51±0.0	0.43
Pulmonary rehabilitation, %	6.4	4.0	0.0	7.7	0.71
Vaccines	55.6%	67.3%	46.1%	53.8%	0.38
6MWD, m	412.4±118.0^b,c	433.3±88.9^b	320.6±104.3^a	350.1±119.4^a,c	0.002
MMRC	1.1±1.1^a	1.9±1.1^a,b	2.3±0.9^a,b	2.4±1.1^b	0.033
BDI	6.5±2.6	6.2±2.3	6.2±2.4	5.3±2.2	0.18
CAT	15.5±8.1	16.0±8.5	18.1±4.0	17.2±8.8	0.60
SGRQ, Total%	45.3±19.8	42.9±17.7	50.9±21.4	46.2±18.2	0.60
Packs-year	61.5±40.8	50.4±27.8	66.0±35.7	62.5±38.9	0.29
LTOT,%	22.2	32.6	30.0	76.9	<0.0001
Anxiety scale	6.4±4.3	6.8±5.2	6.8±6.7	5.2±2.8	0.47
Depression scale	5.4±4.6	5.2±5.0	5.2±4.2	2.9±3.0	0.80
Charlson Index	4.3±1.6	4.6±1.7	4.5±1.4	4. 1.4	0.58
BODE Index	2.4±1.7^a	2.5±1.4^a,b	3.5±1.8^a,b	3.4±1.8^b	0.01
SAH, %	57.7	63.0	53.8	65.3	0.79
DM, %	24.8	23.9	7.6	19.2	0.51
DLP, %	29.4	32.6	7.6	11.5	0.07
OSAS, %	2.4	0	0	11.5	0.03

Notes: Values expressed as mean±standard deviation or percentage. Reviewed by χ², ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Different letters indicate statistical difference with PP<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SpO₂, peripheral oxygen saturation; CRP, C-reactive protein; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in the first second; FEV₁/FCV, ratio between forced expiratory volume in the first second and forced vital capacity; Vaccines, pneumococcal vaccine and influenza vaccine; 6MWD, distance covered in the six-minute walk test in meters; MMRC, Medical Research Council modified Dyspnea Scale; BDI, Baseline Dyspnea Index; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; SGRQ, Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire; LTOT, long-term oxygen therapy; SAH, systemic arterial hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; DLP, dyslipidemia OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Figure 3 Exacerbation rate. Values expressed as a percentage.

Figure 4 Mortality rate. Values expressed as a percentage.