Certified Smoking Cessation Units in Spain: High Potential for Detection of Undiagnosed Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Profile of Newly Diagnosed Cases

Figures & data

Figure 1 Distribution of participants from the 8 participating smoking cessation units in Spain.

Abbreviations: HDO, Hospital 12 de Octubre (Madrid); HGM, Hospital Gregorio Marañón (Madrid); HUSC, Hospital Clínico Universitario Santiago de Compostela; HCH, Hospital Carlos Haya (Málaga); HUSJ, Hospital San Juan de Alicante; HUA, Hospital Universitario de Albacete; UTCM, Unidad de Tabaquismo de la Comunidad de Madrid; HSPA, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara (Cáceres).

Table 1 Main Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics and Smoking History Details in 73 Patients with a Previously Unsuspected COPD Diagnosis and 179 Patients in Whom COPD Diagnosis Was Ruled Out, Among Participants Newly Attending Smoking Cessation Units in Spain. Unless Otherwise Stated, Percentages Represent Proportion of Patients

Characteristics	New COPD Diagnosis	No COPD	p
	(n = 73)	(n= 179)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age, mean ± SD, years	61 ± 9	53 ± 8	<0.0001
Sex, n (%)
Men	43 (59%)	100 (40%)	n.s.
Women	30 (41%)	78 (31%)	n.s.
Level of education Primary education, %	59.1%	55%	n.s.
Current occupation Active work status, %	53.1%	76%	<0.0001
Clinical characteristics - COPD
CAT, mean ± SD	14 ± 4	NA
Presence of dyspnea, %
Dyspnea	82.8%	NA
No dyspnea	17.2%	NA
mMRC functional dyspnea score	I or II	NA
GOLD stage, %
Mild	57%	NA
Moderate	31%	NA
Severe	12%	NA
GesEPOC phenotype Non-exacerbator, %	90%	NA
Emphysema in X-rays, %	40%	NA
Clinical characteristics - Comorbidities
≥ 2 co-morbidities, %	54.5%	36%	<0.0001
Main medical co-morbidities, %
Hypertension	53.8%	21.8%	<0.0001
Dyslipidemia	45.8%	NA
Main psychiatric co-morbidities, %
Depression	37%	27%	<0.01
Anxiety	28%	26.6%	n.s.
Smoking details
Duration of smoking, mean ± SD, years	41 ± 9	35 ± 10	<0.0001
Number of cigarettes/day, mean ± SD	24 ± 9	20 ± 8	n.s.
Smoking history, mean ± SD, pack-years	49 ± 19	35 ± 20	0.000
Fagerström test score, mean ± SD	6.1 ± 2.4	6.3± 1.8	n.s.
CO in exhaled breath test, ppm	17.7± 9.1	20± 10.5	0.044
Carboxyhemoglobin, % of total Hb	3.2 ± 1.4	4.1 ± 3.6	0.042
Any previous attempts to quit smoking, %	65.2%	69.2%	n.s.
Drug therapy for smoking cessation, %	52.2%	49.07%	n.s.

Abbreviations: CAT, COPD Assessment Test; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; GesEPOC, Spanish COPD guidelines; NA, not available (data not recorded in non-COPD patients); n.s., non significant.

Table 2 COPD Diagnosis and Main Characteristics of Participants by Smoking History

Characteristics	≤20 Pack-Years	>20 Pack-Years	p
	(n = 24)	(n = 228)
Diagnosis, n (%)
No COPD	21 (87.5%)	158 (69.3%)
COPD	3 (12.5%)	70 (30.7%)	n.s.
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (years), mean ± SD	46.5 ± 10.4	56.4 ± 8.4	<0.0001
Sex, n (%)
Men	12 (50%),	131 (58%)
Women	12 (50%)	96 (42%)	n.s.

Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.