A Frailty Assessment Tool to Predict In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of patient admission.

Table 1 The Balanced General Characteristics of Survivors and Non-Survivors on Admission

Indexes	Survivors (n=77)	Non-Survivors (n=77)	P-value
Age (years)	79.38 ± 8.14	80.09 ± 8.65	0.207
Men (%)	57 (74.0)	52 (67.5)	0.376
Current smokers (%)	45(58.4)	40(51.9)	0.418
Current alcohol drinkers (%)	11(14.3)	10(13)	0.814
Length of hospital days	10.06 ± 4.53	10.26 ± 8.70	0.862
Comorbidities (%)
Diabetes	12(15.6)	16(20.8)	0.664
Hypertension	41(53.2)	46(59.7)	0.416
Stroke or Ischemic heart disease	17(22.1)	26(33.8)	0.106
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	136.65 ± 22.63	131.18± 22.64	0.136
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	77.92 ± 11.52	75.61 ± 15.00	0.285

Table 2 Some Laboratory Findings of Survivors and Non-Survivors

Parameters	Survivors (n=77)	Non-Survivors (n=77)	P-value
Complete blood count results
Leukocyte count (×10^9/L)	7.66 ± 3.87	10.70 ± 7.40	0.002 *
Neutrophil count (×10^9/L)	6.14 ± 3.59	9.36 ± 7.08	0.001 *
Lymphocyte count (×10^9/L)	1.14 ± 0.78	0.84 ± 0.72	0.016 *
Eosinophil count (×10^9/L)	0.02(0.00, 0.10)	0(0, 0.01)	0.003 *
Platelet count (×10^9/L)	197.58 ± 73.24	185.27 ± 86.34	0.341
MPV (fl)	10.31 ± 1.32	10.29 ± 1.26	0.906
RDW (%)	13.74 ± 1.06	15.36 ± 2.89	0.000 *
Hemoglobin (g/l)	125.19 ± 16.90	107.90 ± 23.46	0.000 *
Inflammatory markers
NLR	5.36(3.27, 10.29)	11.60(6.20, 19.35)	0.000 *
PLR	191.25(132.20, 288.27)	245.0(147.9, 406.65)	0.047 *
CRP (mg/l)	13.17(4.08, 59.35)	25.24(9.90, 79.45)	0.011 *
Blood gas analysis
PaCO2(mmHg)	51.13 ± 13.48	64.49 ± 21.63	0.000 *

Note: *P-value <0.05.

Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio; RDW, red blood cell distribution; MPV, mean platelet volume; CRP, C-reactive protein; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; PaCO₂, partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Table 3 FI-Lab and DECAF of Survivors and Non-Survivors at the Time of Admission

Values	Survivors (n=77)	Non-Survivors (n=77)	P-value
DECAF Rank (n, %)
≤2	24	1	0.000*
3	32	5	0.000*
4	17	36	0.000*
≥5	4	35	0.000*
Mean DECAF score	3.03 ± 0.90	4.45 ± 0.80	0.000*
FI–Lab Rank (n, %)
<0.2	20 (25.97)	0	0.000*
0.20–0.39	48 (62.34)	18	0.000*
0.40–0.6	9 (11.68)	39	0.000*
≥0.60	1	19	0.000*
Mean FI-Lab	0.29 ± 0.10	0.51 ± 0.13	0.000*

Note: *P-value <0.05.

Table 4 Results of Multivariate Logistic Analysis (Forward Stepwise)

Variables	β	Sb	Wald χ2	Odds Ratio	95% CI: Lower–Upper Limit	P-value
FI–Lab Rank	2.164	0.444	23.753	8.705	3.646–20.782	0.000*
DECAF Rank	1.726	0.354	24.748	5.620	2.811–11.236	0.000*

Note: *P-value <0.05.

Figure 2 ROC curves for FI-Lab and DECAF.