Impact of Caregiving Burden on Quality of Life of Caregivers of COPD Patients: The Chain Mediating Role of Social Support and Negative Coping Styles

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Analysis of Demographic Data, Scores for Burden of Care and Quality of Life

Category	Subcategory	N (%)	Quality of Life Mean (SD)
Age	≤44	33(16.4%)	38.88±2.87
	44~59	82(40.8%)	38.51±3.37
	≥60	86(42.8%)	37.10±3.78
F			4.775
P-value			0.009
Gender	Male	78(38.8%)	38.96±3.35
	Female	123(61.2%)	37.34±3.54
F			1.007
P-value			0.001
Residence	Rural	53(26.4%)	37.96±3.66
	Urban area	148(73.6%)	37.97±3.52
F			0.002
P-value			0.985
Education	Primary School	45(22.4%)	36.93±4.02
	Secondary School	112(55.7%)	38.03±3.29
	College or above	44(21.9%)	38.89±3.46
F			3.490
P-value			0.032
Income per month	≤4000	90(44.8%)	37.76±3.89
	4000–7000	95(47.2%)	37.94±3.03
	≥7000	16(8.0%)	39.31±4.25
F			1.317
P-value			0.270
Relationship with patient	Spouse	67(33.3%)	36.31±3.64
	Children	132(65.7%)	38.78±3.21
	Grandchildren	2(1%)	41.50±2.12
F			12.932
P-value			0.000
Cumulative years of care	<5 years	88(43.8%)	38.22±3.41
	5–10 years	56(27.9%)	37.91±3.41
	≥10 years	57(28.4%)	37.65±3.90
F			0.450
P-value			0.638
Number of chronic diseases suffered	None	71(35.3%)	38.86±3.17
	1 to 3	103(51.2%)	37.88±3.63
	More than 3	27(13.4%)	35.96±3.41
F			6.979
P-value			0.001

Table 2 Pearson Correlations Between the Four Variables of Caregiving Burden, Social Support, Negative Coping, and Quality of Life

Variables	MD±SD	1	2	3	4
1. Caregiving burden	52.39±14.65	1	–	–	–
2. Quality of life	37.97±3.55	−0.330**	1	–	–
3. Social support	66.24±14.26	−0.218**	0.149*	1	–
4. Negative coping style	24.45±9.06	0.394**	−0.263**	−0.488**	1

Notes: *P <0.05, **P <0.01.

Figure 1 The role of social support and negative coping as chain mediators in the relationship between caregiving burden and quality of life with standardized Beta.

Notes: **P<0.01. Values on paths are path coefficients (standardized βs).

Table 3 Chain-Mediated Effects of Caregiving Burden on Quality of Life of Caregivers of COPD Patients Through Social Support and Negative Coping Styles

Effect	Product of Coefficients		Bootstrapping 95% BC Confidence Interval (CI)
	Point Estimate	Boot SE	Boot LL (CI)	Boot UL (CI)
Total indirect effect of X on Y	−0.0515	0.0167	−0.0941	−0.0183
Indirect effect 1: X→M1→Y	−0.0123	0.0015	−0.0226	−0.0039
Indirect effect 2: X→M1→M2→Y	−0.0207	0.0076	−0.0364	−0.0079
Indirect effect 3: X→M2→Y	−0.0185	0.0093	−0.0395	−0.0032

Notes: N = 201. Number of bootstrap samples for bias corrected bootstrap confidence intervals: 5000. Level of confidence for all confidence intervals: 95%. X = burden of care; M₁=social support; M₂=negative coping, and Y=quality of life. Covariates included: caregiver’s age, gender, education, relationship with the patient, the number of chronic diseases suffered. Model 1 = caregiving burden – social support – quality of life. Model 2 = caregiving burden – social support – negative coping – quality of life. Model 3 = caregiving burden – negative coping – quality of life.