Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Associated Factors in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, 2020

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Participants in AM-HDSS, Southern Ethiopia, 2020

Variable	Variable Category	Frequency	Percent
Sex	Male	331	53.8
	Female	284	46.2
Age	<40	357	58
	41–50	133	21.6
	51–60	73	11.9
	>60	52	8.5
Educational status	No formal education	427	69.4
	Elementary school	46	7.5
	Secondary and above	142	23.1
Occupation	Farmer	417	67.8
	Housewife	95	15.4
	Government worker	21	3.4
	Merchant	26	4.2
	Student	26	4.2
	Other	30	4.9
Marital status	Married	537	87.3
	Single	16	2.6
	Widowed	5	0.8
	Separated	7	1.1
	Divorce	50	8.1
Ethnicity	Gamo	517	84.1
	Gofa	50	8.1
	Amhara	4	0.7
	Wollayta	4	0.7
	Oromo	3	0.5
	Guraghe	10	1.6
	Others	27	4.4
Religion	Orthodox	200	32.5
	Protestant	406	66
	Other	9	1.5
Family size	1–2	39	6.3
	3–5	290	47.2
	≥6	286	46.5
Wealth index	First quartile	30	4.9
	Second	72	11.7
	Third	205	33.3
	Fourth	148	24.1
	Fifth	160	26

Figure 1 Major housing characteristics distribution in AM-HDSS, Southern Ethiopia, 2020.

Table 2 The Mean Lung Function Parameters in Relation to Age and Sex Factors in AM-HDSS, Southern Ethiopia, 2020

Lung Function Test Parameter	Sex	Mean Score	P-value	Mean	P-value	Age	Mean Score	P-value
FVC PRE1	Male	2.78	0.01	2.07	0.047	≤40 years	2.61	0.54
	Female	2.05		2.98		≥41 years	2.30
FVC % Pred	Male	81.77%	0.90	73.37%	0.147	≤40 years	75.44%	0.64
	Female	80.14%		94.91%		≥41 years	82.92%
FEV1 PRE 1	Male	2.21	0.02	1.75	0.069	≤40 years	2.32	0.034
	Female	1.66		2.21		≥41 years	1.75
FEV 1% Pred	Male	79.47%	0.71	72.56%	0.88	≤40 years	78.83%	0.88
	Female	76.36%		87.52%		≥41 years	77.38%
PEF PRE1	Male	4.35	0.026	3.45	0.13	≤40 years	4.49	0.878
	Female	3.22		4.26		≥41 years	3.45
PEF % Pred	Male	59.40%	0.63	55.98%	0.55	≤40 years	63.83%	0.067
	Female	55.97%		60.43%		≥41 years	55.17%
FEV/FVC PRE1	Male	87.37	0.475	85.76	0.824	≤40 years	92.11	0.27
	Female	83.64		84.54		≥41 years	82.80
FEV/FVC % Pred	Male	107.23%	0.244	104.49%	0.70	≤40 years	105.72%	0.66
	Female	100.78%		102.26%		≥41 years	102.96%
FEF25-75 PRE 1	Male	2.58	0.220	2.22	0.453	≤40 years	3.42	0.001
	Female	2.12		2.52		≥41 years	1.92
FEF25-75% Pred	Male	77.73%	0.714	70.53%	0.279	≤40 years	89.06%	0.161
	Female	73.28%		84.22%		≥41 years	70.15%

Abbreviations: FVC, forced vital capacity; FVC %, percentage of the FVC expired in the first one second; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in the first one second; PRE, predicted values.

Table 3 Cough and its Characteristics Among Study Participants in AM-HDSS, Southern Ethiopia, 2020

Variable	Category of Variable	Frequency	Percent
Duration of cough	No cough	557	90.60
	<4 years	35	5.70
	4–10 years	17	2.80
	≥11 years	6	1.00
Time of cough worsening time	In the morning	22	18.97
	In the day time	27	23.28
	At night	38	32.76
	At all time	29	25.00
Factors worsen cough	During cold weather	56	43.75
	During hot temperature	19	14.84
	During smoke exposure	16	12.50
	During dust exposure	2	1.56
	More than the above	35	27.34
Type of sputum	Dry cough	22	37.90
	Have sputum	36	62.10
Duration of sputum	<2 years	29	50.00
	3–5 years	21	36.20
	≥6 years	8	13.79
Time of sputum worsening	In the morning	16	14.55
	In the day time	24	21.82
	At night	39	35.45
	All the time	31	28.18
Shortness of breath	Yes	37	6.00
	No	578	94.00
Duration of shortness of breath	<2 years	19	51.35
	3–5 years	11	29.73
	≥6 years	7	18.92

Figure 2 The relationship between housing condition and area of residence with COPD case, AM-HDSS, Southern Ethiopia, 2020.

Table 4 Factors Associated with COPD AM-HDSSS, Southern Ethiopia, 2020

List of Factors		COPD Status		COR with 95%CI (Lower, Upper)	AOR with 95%CI (Lower, Upper)	P-value
Variable	Category of Variable	YesN (%)	NoN (%)
Sex	Male	33 (5.4)	298 (48.4)	1.00	1.00
	Female	32 (5.2)	252 (41)	1.15 (0.69, 1.92)	1.22 (0.63, 2.37)	0.56
Wealth index	Poor	6 (5.9)	96 (94.1)	1.79 (0.73, 4.42)	1.56 (0.6, 4.08)	0.36
	Medium	28 (13.7)	177 (86.3)	0.71 (0.41, 1.22)	0.91 (0.49, 1.66)	0.75
	Rich	31 (10.1)	277 (89.9)	1.00	1.00
Age	<40 years	23 (6.4)	334 (93.6)	1.00	1.00
	>41 Years	42 (16.3)	216 (83.7)	2.82 (1.65, 4.83)	3.65 (1.83, 7.28)	0.001*
Residence area	Highland	42 (12.9)	284 (87.1)	1.71 (1, 2.92)	1.15 (0.42, 3.14)	0.79
	Lowland	23 (8.0)	266 (92.0)	1.00	1.00
Education level	No formal education	53 (12.7)	363 (87.3)	1.94 (0.67, 5.56)	0.57 (0.22, 1.46)	0.24
	Elementary	4 (7.0)	53 (93.0)	2.45 (1.13, 5.28)	0.79 (0.21, 2.92)	0.72
	Secondary and above	8 (5.6)	134 (94.4)	1.00	1.00
Occupation	Farmer	43 (10.3)	374 (89.7)	0.83 (0.39, 1.77)	1.53 (0.63, 3.75)	0.35
	Housewife	13 (13.7)	82 (86.3)	0.60 (0.25, 1.49)	1.25 (0.36, 4.29)	0.72
	Government and Private business	9 (87.4)	94 (12.6)	1.00	1.00
Having domestic animals	Had no domestic animal	13 (7.7)	156 (92.3)	1.00	1.00
	Had separated house	18 (7.6)	218 (92.4)	2.32 (1.18, 4.55)	2.61 (1.21, 5.64)	0.01*
	Had no separated house	34 (16.2)	176 (83.8)	2.34 (1.28, 4.28)	2.84 (1.38, 5.85)	0.001*
Duration biomass fuel exposure	Use <40 years	43 (9.1)	429 (90.9)	1.00	1.00
	Use above >41 years	22 (15.4)	121 84.6)	1.81 (1.04, 3.15)	0.87 (0.42, 1.81)	0.72
Frequent cigarette and gaya smoking	Yes	9 (12.7)	62 (87.3)	1.26 (0.6, 2.68)	0.9 (0.4, 2.02)	0.8
	No	56 (10.3)	488 (89.7)	1.00	1.00
Having windows	Had no windows	45 (12.7)	309 (87.3)	1.75 (1.01, 3.05)	5.79 (1.12, 29.99)	0.04*
	Had windows	20 (7.7)	241 (92.3)	1.00	1.00
Use of kitchen	Open fire	26(8.0)	298(92.0)	0.49 (0.27, 0.88	1.95 (0.88, 4.35)	0.1
	Without air ventilation	25 (15.1)	141 (84.9)	0.69 (0.35, 1.37)	0.98 (0.44, 2.21)	0.97
	With air ventilation	14 (11.2)	111 (88.8)	1.00	1.00
Type of house	Made from iron sheets	22 (8.7)	232 (91.3)	1.00	1.00
	Traditional hut	43 (11.9)	318 (88.1)	1.42 (0.83, 2.45)	5.92 (1.19, 29.42)	0.03*

Note: *Significant factors.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odd ratio; AOR, adjusted odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.