Adherence to Inhaled Therapy in Patients with COPD Associated to Pneumoconiosis

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study flow diagram.

Table 1 Demographic, Clinical, and Functional Characteristics of Pneumoconiosis with COPD

Characteristics	N = 296
Age (years)	58.82 ± 8.64
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.33 ± 11.98
Marital status – married, n (%)	287 (96.96%)
Education level, n (%)
Primary school and below	147 (49.66%)
Middle school	131 (44.26%)
High school	18 (6.08%)
Smoking index (pack×year)	29.16 ± 25.94
Smoking status, n (%)
Current smoker	102 (34.46%)
Previous smoker	142 (47.97%)
Never smoker	52 (17.57%)
Dust exposing duration (hour×year)	139.47 ± 76.51
Dust exposure type, n (%)
Coal exposure	221 (74.66%)
Silicosis exposure	75 (25.34%)
Pre FEV1(%)	49.29 ± 18.32
Post FEV1(%)	53.52 ± 19.53
Pre FEV1/FVC (%)	52.31 ± 12.13
Post FEV1/FVC (%)	53.32 ± 11.65
CAT score	14.28 ± 6.7
CAT score ≥ 10, n (%)	209 (70.61%)
mMRC grade	1.85 ± 0.77
mMRC grade ≥ 2, n (%)	201 (67.91%)
AE events in the past year	1.93 ± 2.61
AE events in the past year ≥ 1, n (%)	181 (61.15%)
AE events in the past year ≥ 2, n (%)	124 (41.89%)
Categories of inhaled therapy, n (%)
ICS + LABA + LAMA	88 (29.73%)
ICS + LABA	66 (22.3%)
LAMA	142 (47.97%)
GOLD groups, n (%)
Group A	40 (13.51%)
Group B	132 (44.59%)
Group C	6 (2.03%)
Group D	118 (39.86%)

Abbreviations: ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long acting beta 2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist.

Table 2 Correlations Between Symptoms (CAT and mMRC Grade), Lung Function, Exacerbation Frequency in the Last Year, and Dust Exposure Duration in Baseline (n = 296)

	mMRC Grade	Number of AE	Pre-FEV1	Dust Exposure Duration	Smoking Index
CAT score	0.504	0.378	−0.355	0.039	0.041
	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	0.524	0.503
mMRC grade	–	0.378	−0.333	0.010	0.049
		<0.001**	<0.001**	0.871	0.411
Number of AE	–	–	−0.270	0.181	−0.018
			<0.001**	0.002**	0.755
Pre-FEV1	–	–	–	−0.082	−0.01
				0.179	0.865
Dust exposure duration	–	–	–	–	−0.013
					0.824

Note: **p < 0.01.

Table 3 Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Adherent and Non-Adherent

Characteristics	Adherent (n=91)	Non-Adherent (n=122)	p-value
Age (years)	58.98 ± 8.29	57.78 ± 7.71	0.362
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.25 ± 3.3	25.1 ± 18	0.026*
BMI < 23, n (%)	10 (11.9%)	10 (8.77%)	0.037
23 < BMI < 25, n (%)	55 (65.48%)	61 (53.51%)
BMI ≥ 25, n (%)	19 (22.62%)	43 (37.72%)
Marital status, n (%)
Married	89 (97.8%)	118 (96.7%)	0.703
Unmarried or divorced	2 (2.2%)	4 (3.3%)
Education level, n (%)
Primary school and below	47 (51.6%)	52 (42.6%)	0.129
Middle school	40 (44%)	60 (49.2%)
High school	4 (4.4%)	10 (8.2%)
Smoking index (pack×year)	28.36 ± 25.2	31.08 ± 27.57	0.56
Smoking status, n (%)
Current smoker	30 (33%)	43 (35.2%)	0.591
Previous smoker	45 (49.5%)	61 (50%)
Never smoker	16 (17.6%)	18 (14.8%)
Dust exposing duration (hour×year)	129.98 ± 74.72	145.27 ± 77.83	0.174
Dust exposure type, n (%)
Coal exposure	72 (79.1%)	82 (67.2%)	0.067
Silicosis exposure	19 (20.9%)	39 (32%)
Pre FEV1(%)	42.73 ± 14.56	55.63 ± 18.01	<0.001**
>80% pred	1 (1.19%)	10 (8.7%)	<0.001**
50–80% pred	24 (28.57%)	65 (56.52%)
30–50% pred	40 (47.62%)	26 (22.61%)
<30% pred	19 (22.62%)	14 (12.17%)
Post FEV1(%)	47.07 ± 15.47	60.82 ± 20.13	<0.001**
Pre FEV1/FVC	48.62 ± 11.06	55.16 ± 11.38	<0.001**
Post FEV1/FVC	50.13 ± 11.56	56.55 ± 10.25	<0.001**
CAT score, n (%)	15.46 ± 6.59	12.37 ± 6.3	0.001**
<10	23 (25.3%)	45 (36.9%)	0.073
≥10	68 (74.7%)	77 (63.1%)
mMRC grade, n (%)	2.03 ± 0.65	1.56 ± 0.72	<0.001**
<2	17 (18.7%)	52 (42.6%)	<0.001**
≥2	74 (81.3%)	70 (57.4%)
AE events in the past year	2.36 ± 2.68	1.39 ± 2.25	<0.001**
AE events in the past year, n (%)
0	23 (25.3%)	62 (50.8%)	<0.001**
≥1	68 (74.7%)	60 (49.2%)
AE events in the past year, n (%)
0	41 (45.1%)	86 (70.5%)
≥2	50 (54.9%)	36 (29.5%)	<0.001**
Categories of inhaled therapy, n (%)
ICS + LABA + LAMA	30 (33%)	29 (23.8%)	0.058
ICS + LABA	23 (25.3%)	26 (21.3%)
LAMA	38 (41.8%)	67 (54.9%)
GOLD groups, n (%)
Group A	4 (4.4%)	24 (19.7%)	<0.001**
Group B	37 (40.7%)	62 (50.8%)
Group C	3 (3.3%)	2 (1.6%)
Group D	47 (51.6%)	34 (27.9%)

Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Table 4 Multivariable Regression Analysis for Non-Adherent of Inhaled Therapy in Pneumoconiosis with COPD

Variables	B	Standard Deviation	OR	95% CI	p-value
AE	−0.043	0.072	0.958	0.832–1.103	0.554
BMI	0.017	0.023	1.017	0.973–1.064	0.447
Pre-FEV1	0.04	0.011	1.04	1.018–1.064	<0.001**
CAT score	−0.004	0.032	0.996	0.936–1.061	0.907
mMRC grade	−0.901	0.327	0.406	0.214–0.771	0.006**
Constant	−0.263	0.972	0.768

Note: **p < 0.01.