Self-Efficacy Intervention Programs in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Narrative Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Approaches to Improve Self-Efficacy

Method	Content
Direct Experience	The most powerful source of self-efficacy, which refers to one’s successful completion of certain behavior and personal experience of acquiring the ability.
Alternative Experience	Either real or imaginary, and one of its key forms is the image of task performance, which is built through observation of others’ performance and estimation of one’s abilities that can be achieved by observing the performance of others as individual experience is limited.
Verbal Persuasion	Refers to the use of encouragement from others to increase self-confidence.
Emotion Regulation	Amelioration of self-confidence by eliminating negative emotions and establishing an optimistic attitude.