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International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Volume 17, 2022 - Issue
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Original Research

Association between Inhaled β2-agonists Initiation and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Population-based Nested Case-Control Study

Joseph Emil Amegadzie1 Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, CanadaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0459-7241View further author information
ORCID Icon,
John-Michael Gamble2 Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6891-8721View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Jamie Farrell1 Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, CanadaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1719-8477View further author information
ORCID Icon &
Zhiwei Gao1 Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, CanadaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5313-4884View further author information
ORCID Icon
Pages 1205-1217 | Published online: 20 May 2022

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of number of patients in the base and study cohort.

Abbreviations: CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; OADs, obstructive airway diseases; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACO, asthma–COPD overlap; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting beta-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA, short-acting beta-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonist; Rx, prescription.
Figure 1 Flowchart of number of patients in the base and study cohort.

Figure 2 Schematic design of the nested case–control analysis. 1. The opportunity of exposure is the same for both cases and controls, 2. Matching on the duration of follow-up guarantees the same opportunity time for cases and matched controls. Cohort entry: at t = 0, ie, 1st Rx for ICS, ICS/LABA, LABA, LAMA, SABA, or SAMA. Index date: date of an event of interest (ie, Case =

). Cohort Exit: A case-patient, emigration, end of the study or whichever occurred first. Case =
, Control =
.

Abbreviations: ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; ICS/LABA, inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist; LABA, long-acting beta-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist, SABA, short-acting beta-agonist; SAMA, SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonist.
Figure 2 Schematic design of the nested case–control analysis. 1. The opportunity of exposure is the same for both cases and controls, 2. Matching on the duration of follow-up guarantees the same opportunity time for cases and matched controls. Cohort entry: at t = 0, ie, 1st Rx for ICS, ICS/LABA, LABA, LAMA, SABA, or SAMA. Index date: date of an event of interest (ie, Case = Display full size). Cohort Exit: A case-patient, emigration, end of the study or whichever occurred first. Case = Display full size, Control = Display full size.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Primary Case Patients (Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events) and Matched Controls, Stratified by Patients Diagnosed with Asthma, COPD and Asthma–COPD Overlap, Respectively

Table 2 Association Between Use of Inhaled β2-Agonists-Based Drugs and the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events

Table 3 Secondary Outcomes of Individual Components of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events

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