Health Inequality in the Global Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Figures & data

Table 1 Global and WHO Regional DALY Number, Crude DALY Rates, Age-Standardized DALY Rates Due to COPD in 1990 and 2019, and Percentage Change from 1990 to 2019

Location	All Ages DALY Number (Millions)			All Ages DALY Rates (Per 100,000 Population)			Age-Standardized DALY Rates (Per 100,000 Population)
	1990	2019	Percentage Change	1990	2019	Percentage Change	1990	2019	Percentage Change
Global	59.2 (51.2–63.6)	74.4 (68.2–80.2)	25.7%	1107.4 (957.2–1188.7)	962 (881.5–1036.4)	−13.1%	1537.7 (1330.7–1647.5)	926.1 (848.8–997.7)	−40.0%
High SDI	6.5 (6.1–6.9)	10.3 (9.5–11.1)	58.5%	794.4 (740–844.8)	1019 (933–1094.1)	28.3%	622.9 (580–662.2)	543.5 (499.2–582.9)	−12.8%
High-middle SDI	14.3 (11.9–15.5)	12.3 (11.2–14.1)	−14.0%	1242.8 (1034.5–1346.8)	859.6 (783.7–989.2)	−30.8%	1405.3 (1161.5–1521.7)	617.7 (562.8–708.9)	−56.0%
Middle SDI	20.6 (16.6–22.6)	22.9 (20.9–25.2)	11.2%	1200.5 (966.8–1317.6)	956.1 (871.5–1052.8)	−20.4%	2207.6 (1778.7–2412)	1007.2 (915.7–1112.4)	−54.4%
Low-middle SDI	14 (12.1–15.5)	22.1 (19–24.6)	57.9%	1235.2 (1075.5–1370.2)	1255.6 (1078.8–1395.6)	1.7%	2505 (2177.4–2776.7)	1728.6 (1488.8–1923.7)	−31.0%
Low SDI	3.8 (3.3–4.4)	6.7 (5.9–7.5)	76.3%	725.9 (621.5–826.8)	595.2 (526–662)	−18.1%	1666.9 (1378–1894.3)	1364.1 (1201.6–1522.6)	−18.2%
African Region	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	3.5 (3.1–3.9)	66.7%	402.7 (350.2–464.2)	322.2 (285.8–359)	−20.0%	868.3 (761–1003.9)	694.5 (616–771.7)	−20.0%
Eastern Mediterranean Region	2 (1.7–2.4)	3.6 (3.2–4.1)	80.0%	527.5 (454.7–623.9)	502.5 (447–567.7)	−4.7%	1110.6 (935.9–1342.8)	876.4 (781.1–986.9)	−21.1%
European Region	7.2 (6.7–7.6)	7.7 (7.1–8.3)	7.0%	839.9 (780.2–881.5)	825.5 (761.2–889)	−1.7%	679.7 (631–713.8)	481 (442.9–518)	−29.2%
Region of the America	4.7 (4.4–5)	8.8 (8.1–9.4)	87.2%	652.1 (610.4–691.7)	873.6 (801.9–932.1)	34.0%	759 (710.6–805.2)	691.1 (635.7–737.4)	−9.0%
South-East Asia Region	15.3 (13.3–17.1)	27.4 (23.3–30.7)	79.1%	1168.7 (1014.6–1307.8)	1359.7 (1155.7–1525.6)	16.3%	2439.9 (2123.8–2740.2)	1705.2 (1451.7–1918.7)	−30.1%
Western Pacific Region	27.9 (21.2–31.2)	23.2 (20.6–26.9)	−16.9%	1785.8 (1357.8–1996.6)	1199.1 (1067–1392.6)	−32.9%	2634.3 (2002.4–2928.1)	887.7 (789–1029.6)	−66.3%

Table 2 Sex-Specific Population-Based Cross-National Healthy Inequality, Compare 1990 with 2019. ASDR = Age-Standardized DALY Rates (per 100,000 Population)

	Year	Male	Female	Both Sexes
Global ASDR	1990	1972.4 (1736.8 to 2154.3)	1202.4 (958.0 to 1348.1)	1537.7 (1330.7 to 1647.5)
SII		−864.86 (−1190.99 to −538.72)	−596.48 (−763.11 to −429.85)	−735.16 (−959.39 to −510.94)
RII		−0.43 (−0.69 to 0.25)	−0.50 (−0.77 to −0.32)	−0.48 (−0.72 to −0.31)
CI		−0.2681 ± 0.0175 (p = 0.0000)	−0.3269±0.0220 (p = 0.0000)	−0.2984±0.0193 (p = 0.0000)
Global ASDR	2019	1149.1 (1050.1 to 1257.3)	744.1 (652.2 to 822.2)	926.1 (848.8 to 997.7)
SII		−552.39 (−700.95 to −403.83)	−377.97 (−476.03 to −279.92)	−451.78 (−568.56 to −334.99)
RII		−0.48 (−0.67 to −0.32)	−0.51 (−0.73 to −0.34)	−0.49 (−0.67 to −0.34)
CI		−0.1345 ± 0.0190 (p = 0.0000)	− 0.1461 ± 0.0232 (p = 0.0000)	−0.1453 ± 0.0207 (p = 0.0000)

Abbreviations: SII, slope index of inequality; RII, relative index of inequality; CI, concentration index.

Figure 1 Age distribution of global sex-specific DALY number (A) and DALY rate (B) in 2019. DALY =YLLs +YLDs.

Abbreviations: DALY, disability-adjusted life years; YLLs, year of life lost due to premature death; YLDs, years lived with disability; M, million.

Figure 2 Global distribution of COPD burden in terms of age-standardized DALY rates in 2019 (A) and the relative change in incidence cases of COPD between 1990 and 2019 (B).

Abbreviation: ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate.