The health burden of pollution: the impact of prenatal exposure to air pollutants

Figures & data

Table 1 Prospective birth cohort studies on effect of prenatal exposure to air pollutants and fetal/neonatal outcomes

Author, year of publication	Prenatal exposure	Main results
Slama et al,^Citation21 2009	Benzene	Reduced BW and HC
Aguillera et al,^Citation18 2010	BTEX NO2	Reduced BPD
		Reduced growth in HC, AC, BPD, and EFW for those women who spent more time outdoor
Llop et al,^Citation23 2010	NO2	Increased risk for PB
	Benzene	Increased risk for PB
Ballester et al,^Citation19 2010	NO2	Reduced length, weight, and HC at birth
		Positive association with SGA
Newman et al,^Citation61 2010	Active MTS	Positive association with SGA and reduced BW
	Passive MTS	No associations with birth outcomes
Estarlich et al,^Citation16 2011	NO2	Reduced length and weight at birth
	Benzene	No association
Gehring et al,^Citation25 2011	NO2	Highest BW and lowest risk of SGA
		No association with PB
Gehring et al,^Citation15 2011	NO2 and PM2.5	No association between air pollutants and term
		BW
Iñiguez et al,^Citation17 2012	NO2	Reduced BPD, AC, and EFW
		Reduced neonatal length and HC
van den Hooven et al,^Citation14 2012	NO2 and PM2.5	Reduced fetal growth and BW
		Positive association with SGA and PB
Iñiguez et al,^Citation58 2012	MTS
	Active	Reduced BPD, AC, FL, and EFW
	Passive	Reduced growth on BPD
Sunyer et al,^Citation65 2012	MTS
	Active/passive	Reduced BW, increased risk for SGA
		Reduced BW for asthmatic mothers (no statistical significance)
Choi and Perera,^Citation32 2012	PAH	PA – maternal obesity exacerbated the risk of exposure to PAH on reduced BW
Ritz et al,^Citation22 2014	TRAP, NO, NO x, NO2, CO, and distance to monitoring station	Reduced BPD

Abbreviations: BW, birth weight; HC, head circumference; BTEX, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-/p-xylene, and o-xylene); BPD, biparietal diameter; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; AC, abdominal circumference; EFW, estimated fetal weight; SGA, small for gestational age; MTS, maternal tobacco smoking; PB, premature birth; PM, particulate matter; FL, femur length; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; TRAP, twin reversed arterial perfusion; NO, nitric oxide; NO_x, nitrogen oxides; CO, carbon monoxide.

Table 2 Prospective birth cohort studies on effect of prenatal exposure to air pollutants on respiratory disease

Author, year of publication	Prenatal exposure	Main results
Jedrychowski et al,^Citation41 2010	PAH-DNA adducts	PA – wheezing days during first 2 years of life
Jedrychowski et al,^Citation39 2010	PM2.5	Reduced FVC and FEV1 – 0–5 years of age
Ruskamp et al,^Citation67 2010	Maternal tobacco smoking	Atopy increased risk of RI among children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy
Prabhu et al,^Citation63 2010	MTS	PA – asthma and reduced lung function at 2 years of age Quit smoking during early pregnancy: increased risk of asthma at 2 years of life with normal lung function
Esplugues et al,^Citation46 2011	NO2	PA not statistically significant with respiratory infection, wheeze, and cough
Rosa et al,^Citation43 2011	PAH	No association with asthma at 5–6 yearse
	PAH + MTS	Not significant association with IgE level at 5–6 years of ag
		PA – asthma at 5–6 years of age
Duijts et al,^Citation57 2012	MTS	PA – wheezing at 1–4 years of age
Robison et al,^Citation66 2012	MTS	No association with wheezing Interaction between MTS and PB on wheezing
Gehring et al,^Citation38 2013	NOx, NO2, and PM2.5	PA – levels of pollutants at the current address with small decreases in lung function No association of level of pollutants at birth address
Jedrychowski et al,^Citation55 2013	PM2.5	PA – bronchopulmonary infections
Jedrychowscki et al,^Citation42 2014	PAH	PA – wheezing severity
Chiu et al,^Citation44 2014	Black carbon and PM2.5	PA – wheezing in early childhood Interaction with prenatal community violence was suggested
Jedrychowski et al,^Citation40 2015	PAH	Reduced FEV1 and FEV25–75

Abbreviations: PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PA, positive association; PM, particulate matter; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; RI, respiratory infection; MTS, maternal tobacco smoking; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; PB, premature birth; NO_x, nitrogen oxides.

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