The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and Depression: A Longitudinal Analysis During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic representation of data collection.

Notes: Turquoise and purple colours represent retrospective and prospective data collection, respectively.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics for COPD Patients (n = 65)

Characteristic	n=65
Sex (% Male)	63.1
Age	67.8 (7.5)
Smoking status (Current %)	38.5
Pack years	41.5 (17.1)
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.2 (5.3)
Number of exacerbations/12m	0.9 (1.2)
0 (%)	50.8
1 (%)	26.2
≥2 (%)	23.0
Post-BD FEV1 (L)	1.8 (0.5)
Post-BD FEV1 (% predicted)	67.2 (16.6)
Post-BD FEV1/FVC (%)	53.1 (10.8)
Total CAT score	16.9 (7.8)
CES-D score^¶	12.8 (11.1)

Notes: Data presented as median [range] or mean (SD) unless specified otherwise. ^¶CES-D data available for n=30 patients.

Abbreviations: BD, bronchodilator; BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD assessment test; CES-D, center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity.

Figure 2 Association between baseline CES-D score and total CAT scores taken from baseline (A) and during the pandemic period (B).

Notes: Data represents individual patients at baseline (A) and during the pandemic (B), n = 30 and 27, respectively.

Figure 3 Total CAT scores for CES-D positive and negative groups (positive defined as a score ≥ 16).

Notes: March 23rd 2019-March 23rd 2020 (Baseline) n = 9 (▲); 12 (●), May 2020 (1) n = 12 (▲); 18 (●), July 2020 (2) n = 12 (▲), 17 (●); September 2020 (3) n = 12 (▲); 18 (●), November 2020 (4) n = 12 (▲); 17 (●), January 2021 (5) n = 10 (▲), 18 (●); March 2021 (6) n = 10 (▲), 17 (●). Data shown are mean values with one-way error bars representing the 95% confidence interval. *, **p < 0.05 and <0.01, respectively, for comparisons between CES-D positive and negative groups.

Abbreviations: CAT, COPD assessment test; CES-D, Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; ▲, CES-D positive and ●, CES-D negative.

Figure 4 Individual CAT item scores for CES-D positive and negative groups (positive defined as a score ≥ 16); cough (a), phlegm (b), chest tightness (c), breathlessness going up hills/stairs (d), activity limitation at home (e), confidence leaving the home (f), sleep (g) and energy (h).

Notes: March 23rd 2019-March 23rd 2020 (Baseline) n = 9 (▲); 12 (●), May 2020 (1) n = 12 (▲); 18 (●), July 2020 (2) n = 12 (▲), 17 (●); September 2020 (3) n = 12 (▲); 18 (●), November 2020 (4) n = 12 (▲); 17 (●), January 2021 (5) n = 10 (▲), 18 (●); March 2021 (6) n = 10 (▲), 17 (●). Data shown are mean values with one-way error bars representing the 95% confidence interval. *, **p < 0.05 and <0.01, respectively, for comparisons between CES-D positive and negative groups.

Abbreviations: CAT, COPD assessment test; CES-D, Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale; ▲, CES-D positive and ●, CES-D negative.