Differences in Characteristics Between Physical Frailty Assessments in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Participants

	n=103
Age, years	77 [71–83]
Male	81 (79)
BMI, kg/m^2	22.4 [19.9–24.6]
Smoking history, current /ex/never	4 / 82 / 17
Smoking, pack-years	40 [20–71]
History of COPD exacerbation	28 (27)
FEV1, %predicted	62 [35–76]
GOLD, I/I/III/IV	22 / 43 / 20 / 18
mMRC, 0/1/2/3/4	29 / 23 / 27 / 16 / 8
CAT	11 [7–18]
Falls history	17 (17)
HADS anxiety	3 [1–7]
HADS depression	6 [3–9]

Note: Data are presented as median [interquartile range] or number (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD assessment test; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale.

Figure 1 Flow diagram.

Table 2 Agreement Between J-CHS Criteria and SPPB

		SPPB			Total^a
		Frail	Pre-Frail	Robust
J-CHS criteria	Frail	9	5	8	22
	Pre-frail	1	12	45	58
	Robust	0	0	23	23
	Total^b	10	17	76	103

Notes: k=0.36 [95% CI: 0.22–0.50], P<0.001. ^aTotal: the number of frail, pre-frail, and robust participants with J-CHS criteria, ^bTotal: the number of frail, pre-frail, and robust with SPPB.

Abbreviations: J-CHS, the revised Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.

Table 3 Frailty Characteristics of the Participants

	n=103
J-CHS criteria
Weight loss	14 (14)
Exhaustion	30 (29)
Low activity	33 (32)
Weakness	26 (25)
Slowness	52 (51)
SPPB
Total	11 [9–12]
Balance	4 [3–4]
4MGS	4 [3–4]
5STS	4 [2–4]
4MGS, m/s	0.94 [1.16–0.78]
5STS, s	10.3 [8.6–13.3]

Note: Data are presented as median [interquartile range] scores (SPPB data) or number (%).

Abbreviations: J-CHS, the revised Japanese of the Cardiovascular Health Study; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; 4MGS, 4m usual gait speed; 5STS, 5 sit to stands.

Table 4 Comparison of Clinical Characteristics Between Frail and Pre-Frail or Robust for Each of the J-CHS Criteria and the SPPB

	J-CHS Criteria			SPPB
	Frail, n=22	Pre-Frail or Robust, n=81	P	Frail, n=10	Pre-Frail or Robust, n=93	P
Age, years	79 [73–85]	77 [70–83]	0.23	82 [74–86]	77 [70–83]	0.17
Male	16 (73)	65 (80)	0.44	6 (60)	75 (81)	0.13
BMI, kg/m^2	21.2 [18.9–24.3]	22.4 [20.0–24.9]	0.34	23.5 [21.1–24.4]	21.9 [19.6–24.6]	0.34
Smoking history, current/ex/never	1/17/4	3/65/13	0.95	2/8/0	15/74/4	0.77
Smoking, pack-years	37 [0–55]	40 [21–75]	0.39	47 [11–78]	40 [20–71]	0.80
History of COPD exacerbation	12 (55)	16 (20)	<0.01	5 (50)	23 (25)	0.08
FEV1, %predicted	53 [32–69]	65 [40–78]	0.12	64 [47–77]	62 [34–76]	0.66
GOLD, I/II/III/IV	3/9/5/5	19/34/15/13	0.70	2/6/1/1	20/37/19/17	0.62
mMRC, 0/1/2/3/4	2/3/6/7/4	27/20/21/9/4	0.01	0/1/3/4/2	29/22/24/12/6	0.03
CAT	15 [8–22]	10 [7–16]	0.02	16 [13–22]	10 [7–17]	0.01
Falls history	8 (36)	9 (11)	<0.01	6 (60)	11 (12)	<0.01
HADS anxiety	5 [3–10]	3 [1–6]	0.01	5 [3–10]	3 [1–6]	0.12
HADS depression	8 [3–10]	6 [3–8]	0.04	8 [5–12]	6 [3–9]	0.10

Note: Data are presented as median [interquartile range] or number (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD assessment test; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and depression scale; J-CHS, the revised Japanese of the Cardiovascular Health Study; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.

Table 5 Comparison of Clinical Characteristics Between the Agreement Group and the Non-Agreement Group

	Agreement (n=44)	Non-Agreement (n=59)	P
Age, years	76 [70–83]	78 [73–84]	0.13
Male	36 (82)	45 (76)	0.49
BMI, kg/m^2	22.5 [19.7–25.1]	22.0 [19.9–24.5]	0.52
Smoking history, current/ex/never	6/36/2	11/46/2	0.77
Smoking, pack-years	50 [21–78]	40 [10–59]	0.15
History of COPD exacerbation	10 (23)	18 (31)	0.38
FEV1, %predicted	62 [35–76]	64 [35–81]	0.72
GOLD, I / II / III / IV	6/20/11/7	16/23/9/11	0.29
mMRC, 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4	9/11/15/6/3	20/12/12/10/5	0.41
CAT	13 [7–17]	10 [7–19]	0.57
Falls history	9 (21)	8 (14)	0.35
HADS anxiety	3 [1–6]	3 [1–7]	0.85
HADS depression	6 [3–9]	6 [3–9]	0.70

Note: Data are presented as median [interquartile range] or number (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD assessment test; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale.