All-Cause, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Mortality in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in England: A Cohort Study Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study population selection.

Table 1 Baseline Demographic Statistics of Non-COPD and COPD Individuals in Study Population

	Non-COPD	COPD	Total
	(N= 106,800)	(N=14763)	(N=121563)
Sex
Male	58,981 (55.2%)	8717 (59.0%)	67,698 (55.7%)
Female	47,819 (44.8%)	6046 (41.0%)	53,865 (44.3%)
Age (years)
40–49	7722 (7.2%)	129 (0.9%)	7851 (6.5%)
50–59	14,222 (13.3%)	778 (5.3%)	15,000 (12.3%)
60–69	19,301 (18.1%)	2480 (16.8%)	21,781 (17.9%)
70–79	25,958 (24.3%)	5276 (35.7%)	31,234 (25.7%)
80–89	29,938 (28.0%)	5126 (34.7%)	35,064 (28.8%)
90 and over	9659 (9.0%)	974 (6.6%)	10,633 (8.7%)
IMD Quintiles
1 (least deprived)	19,326 (18.1%)	1986 (13.5%)	21,312 (17.6%)
2	20,123 (18.9%)	2447 (16.6%)	22,570 (18.6%)
3	21,136 (19.8%)	2777 (18.8%)	23,913 (19.7%)
4	22,702 (21.3%)	3366 (22.8%)	26,068 (21.5%)
5 (most deprived)	23,347 (21.9%)	4164 (28.3%)	27,511 (22.6%)
Missing	166	23	189
BMI
Underweight (Below 18.5)	1303 (1.2%)	360 (2.5%)	1663 (1.4%)
Normal (18.5–24.9)	22,645 (21.7%)	3232 (22.2%)	25,877 (21.8%)
Pre-obesity (25.0–29.9)	35,862 (34.4%)	4559 (31.2%)	40,421 (34.0%)
Obesity I (30.0–34.9)	25,363 (24.3%)	3468 (23.8%)	28,831 (24.2%)
Obesity II (35.0–39.9)	11,696 (11.2%)	1752 (12.0%)	13,448 (11.3%)
Obesity III (Above 40)	7524 (7.2%)	1214 (8.3%)	8738 (7.3%)
Missing	2407	178	2585
Smoking Status
Never Smoker	20,788 (19.5%)	476 (3.2%)	21,264 (17.5%)
Ex-Smoker	67,042 (62.8%)	9717 (65.8%)	76,759 (63.1%)
Current Smoker	18,970 (17.8%)	4570 (31.0%)	23,540 (19.4%)
Prior Asthma Diagnosis
Present	13,655 (12.8%)	6468 (43.8%)	20,123 (16.6%)
Prior Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis
Present	41,645 (39.0%)	8634 (58.5%)	50,279 (41.4%)

Figure 2 All-cause mortality: Kaplan–Meier survival graph stratified by COPD status.

Figure 3 Respiratory-cause mortality: Kaplan–Meier survival graph stratified by COPD status.

Figure 4 Cardiovascular-cause mortality: Kaplan–Meier survival graph stratified by COPD status.

Table 2 Multiple Adjusted Models of COPD Status on Overall Mortality

Model	RR*	95% CI	p-value
Model 1	1.44	(1.42,1.46)	<0.001
Model 2	1.31	(1.30,1.33)	<0.001
Model 3	1.26	(1.25,1.28)	<0.001
Model 4	1.25	(1.24,1.27)	<0.001
Model 5	1.23	(1.21,1.24)	<0.001

Notes: * With non-COPD as the reference group (RR= 1.0). Model 1: Unadjusted model (crude RR). Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex and IMD. Model 3: Further adjusted for smoking status and BMI. Model 4: Further adjusted for prior asthma diagnosis. Model 5: Fully adjusted model (adjusted for all variables including prior cardiovascular disease).

Table 3 Multiple Adjusted Models of COPD Status on Respiratory Mortality

Model	RR*	95% CI	p-value
Model 1	3.92	(3.76,4.09)	<0.001
Model 2	3.53	(3.38,3.67)	<0.001
Model 3	3.28	(3.14,3.42)	<0.001
Model 4	3.09	(2.95,3.24)	<0.001
Model 5	3.03	(2.89,3.18)	<0.001

Notes: *With non-COPD as the reference group (RR= 1.0). Model 1: Unadjusted model (crude RR). Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex and IMD. Model 3: Further adjusted for smoking status and BMI. Model 4: Further adjusted for prior asthma diagnosis. Model 5: Fully adjusted model (adjusted for all variables including prior cardiovascular disease).

Table 4 Multiple Adjusted Models of COPD Status on Cardiovascular Mortality

Model	RR*	95% CI	p-value
Model 1	1.24	(1.19,1.28)	<0.001
Model 2	1.12	(1.08,1.16)	<0.001
Model 3	1.07	(1.03,1.11)	0.002
Model 4	1.07	(1.03,1.11)	0.003
Model 5	0.99	(0.95,1.03)	0.629

Notes: *With non-COPD as the reference group (RR= 1.0). Model 1: Unadjusted model (crude RR). Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex and IMD. Model 3: Further adjusted for smoking status and BMI. Model 4: Further adjusted for prior asthma diagnosis. Model 5: Fully adjusted model (adjusted for all variables including prior cardiovascular disease).