Clinical Diagnostic Value of Serum GABA, NE, ET-1, and VEGF in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Pulmonary Hypertension

Figures & data

Table 1 Normal Information of the Patients

	COPD-PH	COPD	t/Z value	P value
Sex (male/female)	38/10	51/12	–	–
Age	69.46±8.94	68.83±8.12	0.390	0.698
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.98±4.35	20.98±3.73	1.307	0.194
Smoking index (package/year)	30(6,50)	16.25 (0,40)	−1.897	0.058
GOLD classification (1–2/3/4 stage)	5/14/29	8/15/40	0.471	0.790

Table 2 Differences in Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

	COPD-PH	COPD	t value	P value
pH	7.38±0.04	7.39±0.04	−1.932	0.109
PCO2 (mmHg)	52.79±14.65	47.99±10.76	1.911	0.059
OI(mmHg)	212.93±59.02	245.86±75.56	−2.494	0.014

Note: Red bold presents P < 0.05.

Table 3 Difference in Blood Routine Index

Blood Routine Index	COPD-PH	COPD	t/Z value	P value
WBC (10^9/L)	6.66±2.24	6.44±2.73	0.455	0.650
NEUT%(%)	70.88±11.61	62.88±12.05	3.521	0.001
NEUT (10^9/L)	4.88±2.19	4.17±2.20	1.683	0.095
LYM% (%)	17.67±10.52	23.96±10.78	−3.077	0.003
LYM (10^9/L)	1.13±0.65	1.43±0.64	−2.384	0.019
EOS% (%)	1.90 (0.67,4.30)	0.91 (0.25,3.09)	−2.352	0.019
EOS (10^9/L)	0.15 (0.04,0.25)	0.06 (0.02,0.17)	−2.838	0.005
RBC (10^12/L)	4.91±1.00	4.35±0.68	3.345	0.001
Hb (g/L)	151.31±26.84	136.71±25.17	2.941	0.004
RDW (%)	16.03±1.88	14.63±1.81	3.971	<0.001
PLT (10^9/L)	160.67±63.90	196.83±61.93	−3.006	0.003

Note: Red bold presents P < 0.05.

Table 4 Differences in Coagulation Function Index, PCT, and NT-proBNP

	COPD-PH	COPD	t/Z value	P-value
PT(s)	14.61±5.21	12.69±1.46	2.476	0.017
INR	1.17 (1.11,1.23)	1.23 (1.16,1.38)	2.959	0.003
APTT(s)	34.78±8.75	31.18±3.43	2.694	0.009
PCT (ug/L)	0.07 (0.07,0.10)	0.11 (0.07,0.25)	3.899	<0.001
NT-proBNP (ng/L)	978 (302.75, 2477.50)	326 (108, 759)	−3.662	<0.001

Note: Red bold presents P < 0.05.

Table 5 Differences in Serum Biochemical Index

	COPD-PH	COPD	t/Z value	P value
ALT (U/L)	13.70 (11.80,23.00)	23.30 (15.70,40.93)	3.462	0.001
AST (U/L)	19.10 (15.50,24.20)	29.20 (22.68,36.50)	3.638	0.001
Scr (μmmol/L)	77.66±20.53	66.58±11.58	3.354	0.001
BUN (mmol/L)	6.73±1.73	5.08±1.53	5.339	<0.001
K^+ (mmol/L)	3.84±0.52	3.92±0.53	−0.783	0.435
Na^+ (mmol/L)	140.15±3.63	138.65±4.02	2.021	0.046
Cl^‾ (mmol/L)	100.84±5.67	99.71±4.77	1.140	0.257

Note: Red bold presents P < 0.05.

Table 6 Differences in Lung Function

Index	COPD-PH	COPD	t/Z value	P value
FEV1(L)	1.10±0.56	1.06±0.52	0.382	0.703
FVC(L)	2.06±0.67	2.14±0.65	−0.679	0.498
FEV1%pred(%)	48.32±25.33	46.27±23.90	0.437	0.663
FEV1/FVC(%)	51.25±13.37	48.35±13.40	1.129	0.261

Table 7 Differences in Cytokines

	COPD-PH	COPD	t/Z value	P value
GABA (μmol/L)	5.12±0.75	5.71±0.99	−3.450	0.001
HIF-1α (pg/mL)	37.96±5.98	35.32±6.07	2.288	0.024
NE (pg/mL)	192.16±45.77	120.10±29.60	9.499	<0.001
IL-6 (pg/mL)	37.00±4.87	35.70±5.89	1.236	0.219
ET-1 (pg/mL)	128.85±31.26	95.20±18.75	6.607	<0.001
VEGF (pg/mL)	147.26±23.12	158.38±23.14	−2.509	0.014
Hcy (μmol/L)	10.90 (9.90,12.32)	9.95 (8.54,11.91)	−2.012	0.044
TNF-α (pg/mL)	44.83±6.86	40.81±9.16	2.648	0.009

Note: Red bold presents P < 0.05.

Table 8 Logistic Regression Analysis

Factors	Coefficient	SE	Wald	OR	OR 95% CI	P value
GABA	−0.952	0.399	5.673	0.386	0.176~0.845	0.017
NE	0.094	0.023	16.309	1.098	1.049~1.150	<0.001
VEGF	−0.067	0.021	9.844	0.935	0.897~0.975	0.002
BUN	0.592	0.229	6.699	1.808	1.155~2.830	0.010
LYM%	−0.123	0.049	6.376	0.884	0.804~0.973	0.012

Note: R²=0.668; Red bold presents P < 0.05.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

Table 9 Diagnostic Accuracy of the Logistic Model

Group	COPD	COPD-PH	Sum	Accuracy (%)
COPD	60	3	63	95.2
COPD-PH	4	44	48	91.7
Sum	64	47	111	93.7

Table 10 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

Factors	Non-Standardized Regression Coefficient	SE	Standardized Regression Coefficient	t	P value
Constant	23.941	9.347	–	2.561	0.012
NE	0.234	0.019	0.684	12.301	<0.001
ET-1	0.141	0.032	0.237	4.402	<0.001
GABA	−2.262	0.950	−0.119	−2.381	0.019
VEGF	−0.082	0.037	−0.110	−2.222	0.028

Notes: R²=0.748, F=78.805, P<0.001; Red bold presents P < 0.05.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.

Table 11 Diagnostic Ability of the Factors

Factors	Sensitivity	Specificity	AUC	AUC 95% CI	Cut off	Youden Index
NE	93.75	79.37	0.934	0.871–0.973	>141.41	0.7312
ET-1	68.75	90.48	0.822	0.738–0.888	>113.86	0.5923
GABA	75.00	71.43	0.727	0.634–0.807	≤5.54	0.4643
VEGF	75.00	57.14	0.637	0.541–0.727	≤158.75	0.3214
Combined factors	87.50	93.65	0.966	0.914–0.991	–	0.8115

Figure 1 The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for the key factors.