Is Frailty a Mortality Predictor in Subjects with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

Figures & data

Table 1 Patient Characteristics at Baseline in 141 Subjects with COPD

		mean±SD
Age	Years	75.2±6.7
BMI	kg/m^2	22.8±3.3
Cumulative Smoking	Pack-years	59.1±32.0
FEV1	Liters	1.74±0.54
FEV1	%pred	69.8±20.1
FEV1/FVC	%	56.0±10.7
RV/TLC	%	45.0±11.2
DLco^a	mL/min/mmHg	11.99±5.04
PaO2^b	mmHg	79.2±9.0
CAT score	(0–40)	8.6±7.0
Sex	M / F	130 / 11
GOLD stage	I/II/III+IV	43 / 74 / 24

Notes: ^an=140, ^bone patient receiving oxygen. The number in a parenthesis means possible score range.

Abbreviations: CAT, the COPD Assessment Test; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Table 2 Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Analyses on the Relationship Between Baseline Measurements and Mortality

Univariate Cox Proportional Hazards Analyses	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	p value	C-index
FEV1 (Liters)	0.393 (0.194–0.796)	0.010	0.644
Kihon Checklist Total Score (0 to 25)	1.121 (1.049–1.197)	0.001	0.655
Stratification
GOLD stage defined by airflow limitation (Ref. GOLD I)			0.637
GOLD II	2.658 (0.887–7.961)	0.081
GOLD III+GOLD IV	4.222 (1.298–13.733)	0.017
Frail (Ref. Robust)			0.636
Pre-frail	2.380 (0.939–6.035)	0.068
Frail	3.674 (1.468–9.196)	0.005
Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses
FEV1 (Liters)	0.470 (0.225–0.980)	0.044
Frail (Ref. Robust)
Pre-frail	1.974 (0.760–5.127)	0.163
Frail	2.967 (1.157–7.609)	0.024

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HR, hazard ratio; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in one second; FFP, Fried Frailty Phenotype; CI, confidence intervals; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Kaplan–Meier survival curves based on three strata (frail, pre-frail and robust) defined by Kihon Checklist Total score.