ApoA1, ApoB, ApoA1/B for Pathogenic Prediction of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Complicated by Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 General Clinical Characteristics of All Subjects

Characteristics	Control (N=41)	COPD Without Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (N=35)	COPD Complicated by Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (N=171)
			Viral (N=42)	Bacterial (N=67)	Viral + Bacterial (N=62)
Age (years)	64.12±6.81	68.71±13.43	67.07±13.02	73.96±9.42	70.92±10.08
Male	29 (70.7%)	21 (60.0%)	31 (73.8%)	56 (83.6%)	48 (77.4%)
Smoker	29 (70.7%)	20 (57.1%)	28 (66.7%)	51 (76.1%)	43 (69.4%)
BMI (kg/m2)	21.22±1.68	20.36±2.82	20.09±3.18	19.73±3.41	20.08±3.81
GOLD classification
I–II	–	19 (54.3%)	17 (40.5%)	26 (38.8%)	23 (37.1%)
III–IV	–	16 (45.7%)	25 (59.5%)	41 (61.2%)	39 (62.9%)
Pulmonary hypertension	–	20 (57.1%)	23 (54.8%)	43 (64.2%)	41 (66.1%)
Cor pulmonale	–	9(25.7%)	14 (33.3%)	26 (38.8%)	26 (41.9%)
Respiratory failure
Type I	–	0(0%)	3(7.1%)	16 (23.9%)	21 (33.9%)
Type II	–	7(20%)	8(19.0%)	23 (34.3%)	25 (40.3%)

Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%).

Abbreviation: BMI, Body Mass Index.

Table 2 Comparison of ApoA1, ApoB, and ApoA1/B Ratio Between Control Group and Experiment Group

Indices	Control (N=41)	COPD Without Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (N=35)	COPD Complicated by Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (N=171)	Pa	Pb	Pc
ApoA1 (g/L)	1.32±0.14	1.30±0.24	0.94±0.25	0.69	***	***
ApoB (g/L)	0.80±0.12	0.80±0.18	0.68±0.19	0.81	***	***
ApoA1/ B	1.61±0.32	1.67±0.43	1.47±0.50	0.66	**	**

Notes: P_a: Healthy controls vs COPD patients without acute lower respiratory tract infection; P_b: Healthy controls vs COPD patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection; P_c: COPD patients without acute lower respiratory tract infection vs COPD patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection. ***P<0.001; **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ApoA1/ B, apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B.

Table 3 Comparison of Indices Between Groups in COPD Patients with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

Indices	Viral (N=42)	Bacterial (N=67)	Viral + Bacterial (N=62)	Pa	Pb	Pc
ApoA1 (g/L)	1.14±0.21	0.89±0.21	0.84±0.23	***	***	0.14
ApoB (g/L)	0.73±0.20	0.68±0.19	0.64±0.17	0.19	*	0.33
ApoA1/B	1.68±0.52	1.41±0.47	1.38±0.48	**	**	0.60
NEUT (*10^9/L)	3.54 (3.00, 4.72)	6.23 (4.46, 9.41)	6.21 (4.37, 9.61)	***	***	0.93
LYMPH (*10^9/L)	1.42 (0.86, 1.86)	0.91 (0.69, 1.29)	0.78 (0.56, 1.38)	***	***	0.54
CRP (mg/L)	3.19 (1.11, 8.34)	20.20 (4.05, 88.32)	45.40 (9.24, 80.38)	***	***	0.29
ESR (mm/h)	6.0 (4.75, 10.00)	19.0 (9.0, 50.0)	14.0 (5.0, 32.5)	***	***	0.13
Endotoxin (EU/mL)	0.01 (0.01, 0.01)	0.01 (0.01, 0.06)	0.01 (0.01, 0.02)	***	***	0.05

Notes: P_a: Viral group vs Bacterial group; P_b: Viral group vs Viral + Bacterial group; P_c: Bacterial group vs Viral + Bacterial group. ***P<0.001; **P<0.01; *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ApoA1/ B, apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B. LYMPH, lymphocyte; NEUT, neutrophil; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Table 4 Correlation of Various Factors with COPD Complicated by Acute Lower Respiratory Bacterial Infection

Indices	Value	P
Gender	χ2=1.530	0.216
Age (years)	r=0.238^#	*
Smoker	χ2=1.156	0.282
BMI(kg/m2)	r=−0.067	0.492
NEUT (*10^9/L)	r=0.508^##	***
LYMPH (*10^9/L)	r=−0.346^##	***
CRP (mg/L)	r=0.484^##	***
ESR (mm/h)	r=0.446^##	***
Endotoxin (EU/mL)	r=0.385^##	***
ApoA1 (g/L)	r=−0.498^##	***
ApoB (g/L)	r=−0.086	0.374
ApoA1/B	r=−0.255^##	**

Notes: χ2: Chi-square value from Chi-square test; r: ^#Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed); ^##Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). ***P<0.001; **P<0.01; *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ApoA1/ B, apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B; LYMPH, lymphocyte; NEUT, neutrophil; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Figure 1 Binary logistic regression analysis of COPD patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection.

Abbreviations: ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoA1/ B, apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; LYMPH, lymphocyte; NEUT, neutrophil.

Figure 2 ROC curve of COPD complicated by acute lower respiratory tract bacterial infection. (A) ROC curve of NEUT and ApoA1 combined diagnosis of COPD with acute lower respiratory tract bacterial infection. (B) ROC curves of ApoA1, ApoB, and ApoA1/B respectively diagnosing COPD with acute lower respiratory tract bacterial infection in the whole data set.

Abbreviations: ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoA1/ B, apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B; NEUT, neutrophil.