Exploring the Impact of Adequate Energy Supply on Nutrition, Immunity, and Inflammation in Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Basic Data Between Group with Energy Met the Standards and Group with Energy Did Not Meet the Standards

Project	Group with Energy Met the Standards (N = 77)	Group with Energy Did Not Meet the Standards (N = 42)	t, χ^2 or F value	P value
Age (, years)	76.60 ± 7.67	79.24 ± 10.00	−1.608	0.111
Gender [N (%)]			0.180	0.671
Male	54 (70.1%)	31 (73.8%)
Female	23 (29.9%)	11 (26.2%)
BMI (, kg/m^2)	22.85 ± 2.87	20.84 ± 3.56	3.149	0.002
Smoking history [N (%)]	33 (42.9%)	19 (45.2%)	0.063	0.802
Alcohol consumption history [N (%)]	12 (15.6%)	9 (21.4%)	0.639	0.424
Duration of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [M (Q1, Q3), years]	10 (5.50, 20.00)	10 (6.75, 20.00)	−0.053	0.957
Inhaled medication classification [N (%)]			6.647	0.084
None	11 (14.3%)	14 (33.3%)
LABA + LAMA	4 (5.2%)	3 (7.1%)
ICS + LABA	22 (28.6%)	10 (23.8%)
ICS + LABA + LAMA	40 (51.9%)	15 (35.7%)
Use of inhaled medication [N (%)]	65 (84.4%)	28 (66.7%)	5.014	0.025
Use of home oxygen therapy [N (%)]	11 (14.3%)	7 (16.7%)	0.12	0.729

Abbreviations: BMI, stands for Body Mass Index; LABA, stands for Long-acting Beta-2 Agonist; LAMA, stands for Long-acting M Receptor Antagonist; ICS, stands for Inhaled Corticosteroid.

Table 2 Comparison of Initial Auxiliary Examinations Between Group with Energy Met the Standards and Group with Energy Did Not Meet the Standards

Project	Group with Energy Met the Standards (N = 77)	Group with Energy Did Not Meet the Standards (N = 42)	t, χ^2 or F value	P value
White Blood Cell-1 [M (Q1, Q3), *10^9]	6.66 (5.18, 8.77)	6.57 (5.21, 7.65)	−0.431	0.666
Neutrophil-1 [M (Q1, Q3), *10^9]	4.76 (3.34, 6.25)	4.52 (3.40, 5.88)	−0.286	0.775
Lymphocyte-1 [, *10^9]	1.33 ± 0.59	1.2 8 ± 0.68	0.432	0.666
Platelet-1 [M (Q1, Q3), *10^9]	186.00 (157.00, 226.50)	201.50 (164.75, 226.50)	−0.325	0.745
Monocyte-1 [, *10^9]	0.42 (0.35, 0.56)	0.43 (0.35, 0.53)	−0.359	0.72
Hemoglobin-1 [, g/L]	129.75 ± 17.27	127.45 ± 16.86	0.7	0.485
CRP-1 [M (Q1, Q3), mg/L]	7.70 (2.20, 45.40)	15.25 (2.28, 69.30)	−0.445	0.656
Total Cholesterol-1 [M (Q1, Q3), mmol/L]	3.93 (3.39, 4.72)	3.89 (3.13, 4.92)	−0.12	0.905
Prealbumin-1 [, mg/L]	175.95 ± 62.57	183.41 ± 60.20	−0.629	0.53
Albumin-1 [, g/L]	40.54 ± 5.73	40.17 ± 4.00	0.365	0.716
Globulin-1 [M (Q1, Q3), g/L]	26.80 (24.00, 32.60)	27.90 (20.03, 31.00)	−0.781	0.435
CONUT Score-1 [M (Q1, Q3), points]	3.0 (2.0, 4.0)	3.0 (2.0, 4.0)	−0.598	0.55
PNI-1 []	47.18 ± 7.52	46.56 ± 5.28	0.476	0.635
SII-1 [M (Q1, Q3)]	661.54 (419.21, 1051.28)	684.93 (395.03, 1440.59)	−0.386	0.669
SIRI-1 [M (Q1, Q3)]	1.61 (1.01, 3.26)	1.63 (0.78, 3.06)	−0.342	0.732
CAR-1 [M (Q1, Q3)]	0.19 (0.05, 1.24)	0.45 (0.06, 1.59)	−0.411	0.681
CONUT Grade-1 [N (%)]			1.017	0.601
Normal	17 (22.1%)	9 (21.4%)
Mild	49 (63.9%)	24 (57.1%)
Moderate	11 (14.3%)	9 (21.4%)

Abbreviations: CRP, stands for C-reactive protein; CONUT, Score stands for Control of Nutritional Status score; PNI, stands for Prognostic Nutritional Index; SII, stands for Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index; SIRI, stands for Systemic Inflammatory Response Index; CAR, stands for C-reactive protein/albumin ratio.

Table 3 Comparison of Secondary Auxiliary Examination Data Between Group with Energy Met the Standards and Group with Energy Did Not Meet the Standards

Project	Group with Energy Met the Standards (N = 77)	Group with Energy Did Not Meet the Standards (N = 42)	t, χ^2 or F value	P value
White Blood Cell-2 [M (Q1, Q3), *10^9]	6.81 (5.05, 8.93)	5.95 (4.66, 9.53)	−0.175	0.861
Neutrophil-2 [M (Q1, Q3), *10^9]	4.75 (3.13, 6.63)	4.91 (3.33, 8.03)	0.784	0.433
Lymphocyte-2 [, *10^9]	1.06 (0.72, 1.43)	0.45 (0.32, 0.58)	−3.162	0.002
Platelet-2 [M (Q1, Q3), *10^9]	182.0 (150.0, 219.5)	175.0 (131.0, 227.3)	−1.034	0.301
Monocyte-2 [, *10^9]	0.47 ± 0.20	0.46 ± 0.18	0.283	0.778
Hemoglobin-2 [, g/L]	131.78 ± 16.05	118.24 ± 21.57	3.883	<0.001
CRP-2 [M (Q1, Q3), mg/L]	8.80 (1.95, 38.80)	47.00 (9.50, 89.63)	3.203	0.001
Total Cholesterol-2 [M (Q1, Q3), mmol/l]	4.09 ± 0.10	3.28 ± 1.06	2.632	0.01
Prealbumin-2 [, mg/L]	177.22 ± 67.37	124.77 ± 52.76	4.365	<0.001
Albumin-2 [, g/]	40.62 ± 3.67	35.47 ± 4.36	7.071	<0.001
Globulin-2 [M (Q1, Q3), g/L]	30.10 (26.85, 33.70)	29.35 (27.68, 32.00)	−0.264	0.792
CONUT Score-2 [M (Q1, Q3), points]	3.0 (2.0, 4.0)	5.0 (3.0, 6.0)	4.974	<0.001
PNI-2 []	46.39 ± 5.15	39.59 ± 5.28	6.83	<0.001
SII-2 [M (Q1, Q3)]	673.69 (433.45, 1747.98)	1216.75 (590.84, 2345.74)	2.099	0.036
SIRI-2 [M (Q1, Q3)]	1.74 (0.85, 4.49)	3.30 (1.83, 5.96)	2.527	0.011
CAR-2 [M (Q1, Q3)]	0.24 (0.05, 0.10)	1.25 (0.29, 2.81)	3.526	<0.001
CONUT Grade-2 [N (%)]			39.021	<0.001
Normal	14 (18.2%)	1 (2.4%)
Mild	57 (74.0%)	16 (38.1%)
Moderate	6 (7.8%)	25 (59.5%)

Abbreviations: CRP, stands for C-reactive protein; CONUT, Score stands for Control of Nutritional Status score; PNI, stands for Prognostic Nutritional Index; SII, stands for Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index; SIRI, stands for Systemic Inflammatory Response Index; CAR, stands for C-reactive protein/albumin ratio.

Table 4 Comparison of the Difference in Auxiliary Examination Between Group with Energy Met the Standards and Group with Energy Did Not Meet the Standards

Project	Group with Energy Met the Standards (N = 77)	Group with Energy Did Not Meet the Standards (N = 42)	t, χ^2 or F value	P value
PNI-D-value []	−0.10 ± 0.24	−0.79 ± 5.61	6.113	<0.001
SII-D-value [M (Q1, Q3)]	113.47 (−156.50, 573.54)	491.93 (87.18, 1091.63)	2.561	0.010
SIRI-D-value [M (Q1, Q3)]	0.22 (−0.52, 1.31)	1.20 (0.13, 2.66)	2.338	0.019
CAR-D-value [M (Q1, Q3)]	0.002 (−0.230, 0.381)	0.534 (−0.002, 1.333)	3.103	0.002
Albumin - D-value [, g/L]	0.09 ± 4.85	−4.70 ± 3.63	5.601	<0.001
CONUT Score - D-value [M (Q1, Q3), points] Prealbumin - D-value [, mg/L]	0 (−1, 1) 1.27 ± 63.43	2 (0, 3) -58.64 ± 55.08	4.533 5.151	<0.001 <0.001

Abbreviations: CONUT, Score stands for Control of Nutritional Status score; PNI, stands for Prognostic Nutritional Index; SII, stands for Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index; SIRI, stands for Systemic Inflammatory Response Index; CAR, stands for C-reactive protein/albumin ratio.

Figure 1 Bar graph of PNI differences between the Energy Standard Group and the Non-Energy Standard Group across two auxiliary examinations.

Figure 2 Bar graph of Albumin differences between the Energy Standard Group and the Non-Energy Standard Group across two auxiliary examinations.

Figure 3 Bar graph of Prealbumin differences between the Energy Standard Group and the Non-Energy Standard Group across two auxiliary examinations.

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of how adequate energy regulates immune and inflammatory responses in elderly COPD patients.