Managing comorbidities in COPD

Figures & data

Table 1 Prevalence of the most common COPD comorbidities (%)

Study	Cancer	CVD	HTN	DM	Mental disorders*
Anecchino et al^Citation175	–	68	–	12	8
Cazzola et al^Citation66	2	–	–	19	42
Koskela et al^Citation6	6	27	41	18	45
Frei et al^Citation153	14	20	42	16	25
Fumagalli et al^Citation147	13	–	52	11	13 (F)
Mapel et al^Citation139	18	65	45	12	–
Miyazaki et al^Citation150	25	32	36	15	17
Sidney et al^Citation35	–	18	18	2	–
Soriano et al^Citation12	4	22	–	–	–
Lopez Varela et al^Citation176	8	41	37	8	–
van Manen et al^Citation177	–	13	23	5	25

Note:

* Mental disorders include anxiety and depression.

Abbreviations: F, female; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Figure 1 The most common and clinically important comorbidities in patients with COPD.

Abbreviations: PHRHF, pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure; HTN, hypertension; CHF, congestive heart failure; CHD, coronary heart disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; VTE, venous thromboembolism; MS, metabolic syndrome; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; CRF, chronic renal failure; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Figure 2 Cause-effect diagram shows the four different ways in which other abnormalities may be linked with COPD, presented in the same individual, the so-called multidiseased COPD patient, and leading in increase morbidity and mortality.

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; MS, metabolic syndrome; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; DALY, disability-adjusted life years; MS, Metabolic Syndrome; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Figure 3 A holistic approach to medical intervention.

Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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