Underrecognized comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Figures & data

Figure 1 The prevalence of comorbidities in COPD (prevalence >2%).

Notes: The diseases that are the topic of this study are marked in dark blue. Prevalence was calculated as a weighted average based on the study’s sample size. When the data in a manuscript were unclear, the researchers contacted the corresponding author of the manuscript.^{8,18,30,31,33,39,52,62,82,83,86,89–91,95–104} The calculations were performed and the graph was made in Microsoft Excel 2013.

Abbreviations: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; MI, myocardial infarction.

Figure 2 Graph presents the risk ratio with the 95% CI of comorbidities, or groups of comorbidities, that constitute the topic of this study, as based on multiple studies.^39,68,91

Note: When risk ratios were not calculated in the study, data were extracted and risk ratios were calculated.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for underrecognized COPD comorbidities

Inclusion criteria	1. Coexistent chronic disease
	2. Higher frequency compared to general population
Exclusion criteria	1. Listed in GOLD 2015 report
	2. Related to treatment
	3. Related exclusively to smoking habit
	4. COPD complications

Abbreviation: GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.

Table 2 The process of the PubMed search in selected areas

Search area	PubMed terms	PubMed search	Abstract selection	The most relevant for the topic (number of hits)
Rhinosinusitis	COPD and rhinosinusitis	72	26	20
	COPD and sinusitis	142	52
	COPD and rhinitis	202	84
Skin abnormalities	COPD and skin	338	49	15
	COPD and skin pathology	71	49
	COPD and skin aging	18	15
Endocrinological disorders	COPD and endocrinology	75	9	17
	COPD and thyroid	136	5
	COPD and hypogonadism	37	5
	COPD and adrenal disorders	66	12
	COPD and parathyroid	24	3
Eye disorders	COPD and eye disorders	251	34	7
	COPD and eye disease	299	31
	COPD and glaucoma	55	8
	COPD and cataract	49	11
	COPD and myopia	1	1
	COPD and retina	9	4
	COPD and age-related macular degeneration	10	5
GERD	COPD and GERD	194	80	5

Abbreviation: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Table 3 List of the most relevant papers per condition

Search area	References	Year	Number of patients	COPD patients	Prevalence
Rhinosinusitis	Roberts et al^Citation30	2003	61	61	75.4%
	Piotrowska et al^Citation39	2010	63	42	97.6%
	Kelemence et al^Citation33	2011	90	90	53%
Skin abnormalities	Patel et al^Citation52	2006	149	68	31%
Endocrinological disorders	Laghi et al^Citation82	2005	101	101	38%
	Mousavi et al^Citation83	2012	140	140	58.6%
	Terzano et al^Citation94	2014	155	155	Hyperthyroidism 32.3% Hypothyroidism 21.3%
GERD	Divo et al^Citation95	2012	1,664	1,664	17.7%
	Martinez et al^Citation86	2014	4,483	4,483	29%
	Miyazaki et al^Citation89	2014	403	336	34%
	Terada et al^Citation91	2008	122	82	26.8%
	Ajmera et al^Citation90	2014	2,461	2,461	29.3%

Abbreviation: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.

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