12-month effects of incretins versus SGLT2-Inhibitors on cognitive performance and metabolic profile. A randomized clinical trial in the elderly with Type-2 diabetes mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the sample

Variables	Total (39; women: 16; men: 23)	Incretins group (18; women: 8; men: 10)	SGLT2-I group (21; women: 8; men: 13)	Sig P-value Between groups at baseline
	mean ± SD	mean ± SD	mean ± SD
Age (years)	77.21±8.07	77.00±8.73	77.36±7.98	0.927
Anthropometric measures
Body weight (kg)	85.50±16.15	82.19±20.92	87.91±12.17	0.503
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.92±4.31	29.47±6.36	30.25±2.21	0.749
Waist circumference (cm)	103.37±9.77	98.75±10.86	106.73±7,.72	0.101
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.92±0.23	0.92±0.21	0.92±0.26	0.994
Glucose control variables
Duration of diabetes (years)	11.21±7.02	8.38±3.81	13.27±8.31	0.103
Blood glucose level (mg/dL)	129.26±30.17	115.50±18.68	139.27±33.66	0.067
HbA1c (%)	7.16±1.18	6.6±0.71	7.56±1.31	0.059
Lipid profile
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	122.11±44.08	119.75±42.80	123.82±46.98	0.847
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	150.42±21.65	162.50±21.29	141.64±18.02	<0.05
HDL-C (mg/dL)	43.79±11.30	45.50±10.70	42.55±12.07	0.581
LDL-C (mg/dL)	83.26±22.03	95.96±23.11	74.02±16.63	<0.05
Cognitive variables
Verbal fluency test (score)	3.26±1.05	3.25±1.04	3.27±1.10	0.964
Babcock Story Recall Test (score)	2.53±0.96	2.63±0.74	2.45±1.13	0.697
Babcock Story Recall Test (corrected score)	12.19±2.13	12.30±1.93	12.11±2.36	0.848
Attentive Matrices Test (score)	3.11±1.05	3.5±0.93	2.82±1.08	0.158

Note: P-values in bold are stylistically significant.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SGLT2-I, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors.

Table 2 Effects of the interventions intra, and between groups in metabolic and cognitive outcomes

Variables	SGLT2-I			Incretins			Between groups: SGLT2-I vs incretins
	Mean changes from baseline (t1 -t0)	P-value	95% CI	Mean changes from baseline (t1 -t0)	P-value	95% CI	Mean changes Between groups (A-B)	P-value	95% CI
Anthropometric measures
Body weight (kg)	−1.95	<0.05	(−3.73 to 0.17)	0.31	0.812	(−2.68 to 3.30)	−0.07	0.969	(−4.37 to 4.22)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.69	<0.05	(−1.33 to 0.05)	0.15	0.773	(−1.04 to 1.34)	−0.07	<0.05	(−1.63 to 1.48)
Waist circumference (cm)	−2.36	0.087	(−5.14 to 0.41)	−0.12	0.901	(−2.43 to 2.17)	−0.46	0.883	(−7.54 to 6.62)
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.02	0.673	(−0.07 to 0.11)	0.05	0.241	(−0.04 to 0.14)	−0.248	0.050	(−0.50 to 0.00)
Glycemic profile
Blood glucose level (mg/dL)	−0.91	0.955	(−36.03 to 34.21)	5.75	0.397	(−9.31 to 20.81)	−59.78	0.132	(−142.63 to 23.06)
HbA1c (%)	−0.17	0.229	(−0.47 to 0.13)	0.00	1.000	(−0.35 to 0.35)	−0.29	0.304	(−0.89 to 0.32)
Lipid profile
Triglyceridesa (mg/dL)	−11.27	0.204	(−29.76 to 7.21)	−10.00	0.501	(−43.30 to 23.30)	−18.43	0.230	(−52.99 to 15.10)
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	2.82	0.410	(−4.49 to 10.13)	0.62	0.943	(−19.15 to 20.40)	5.84	0.751	(−36.09 to 47.78)
HDL-C(mg/dL)	5.73	<0.01	(1.68 to 9.77)	4.25	0.215	(−3.13 to 11.63)	5.25	0.389	(−8.26 to 18.75)
LDL-C (mg/dL)	−0.17	0.960	(−7.67 to 7.32)	−4.62	0.434	(−17.81 to 8.56)	7.04	0.535	(−18.46 to 32.54)
Cognitive variables
Verbal fluency test (score)	0.00	1.000	(−4.25 to 4.25)	−0.12	0.598	(−0.66 to 0.41)	−0.65	0.247	(−1.86 to 0.56)
Babcock Story Recall Test (score)	−0.27	0.391	(−0.95 to 0.40)	0.37	0.351	(−0.51 to 1.26)	−1.93	0.054	(−3.91 to 0.04)
Babcock Story Recall Test (corrected score)	−1.32	0.178	(−3.36 to 0.71)	0.42	0.674	(−1.84 to 2.67)	−3.57	0.151	(−8.80 to 1.66)
Attentive Matrices Test (score)	−0.09	0.676	(−0.56 to 0.38)	−0.42	0.901	(−4.33 to 5.47)	−0.34	0.553	(−1.64 to 0.96)

Notes: P-values in bold are stylistically significant.

a Mean changes intragroup and between were adjusted for sex and age.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SGLT2-I, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors.