Addition of a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor to a calcium channel blocker ameliorates arterial stiffness

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of study patients

Baseline characteristics	Group R (n=16)	Group C (n=34)	Group B (n=65)
Duration of hypertension (years)	5.72±1.74	5.81±1.85	5.95±2.02
Age (years)	63.8±8.1	66.7±7.8	67.6±8.5
Sex, male/female	8/8	13/21	39/21
Laboratory intervals (days)	419.8±215.8	471.6±274.4	356.2±212.9
CAVI intervals (days)	426.0±243.2	503.3±278.3	362.5±224.0*
Incidence: n (%)
Obesity	7 (43.8)	15 (44.1)	26 (40.0)
Hyperlipidemia	9 (56.3)	18 (53.0)	28 (43.1)
Diabetes mellitus	3 (18.8)	4 (11.8)	10 (15.4)
Other BP-lowering drugs: n (%)
α-Blocker	1 (6.3)	1 (2.9)	5 (7.7)
β-Blocker	0 (0)	3 (8.8)	8 (12.3)
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, n (%)	7 (43.8)	14 (41.2)	16 (24.6)
Glucose-lowering drugs, n (%)	2 (12.5)	2 (5.9)	8 (12.3)

Notes: Continuous data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. P-values were determined using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey–Kramer tests.

* P<0.05 versus group C.

Abbreviations: CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; BP, blood pressure; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A.

Table 2 Changes in general findings in all groups

	First measurement	Second measurement	P-value
Group R
Systolic BP (mmHg)	133.4±21.4	131.5±13.6	NS
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	85.8±11.9	82.5±8.9	NS
Height (cm)	162.7±6.5	162.6±6.3	NS
Body weight (kg)	62.3±9.9	62.0±9.7	NS
BMI (kg/cm^2)	23.5±3.2	23.4±3.1	NS
Group C
Systolic BP (mmHg)	135.3±13.5	134.4±15.1	NS
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	83.6±7.8	81.8±10.4	NS
Height (cm)	160.3±8.5	160.2±8.3	NS
Body weight (kg)	61.7±6.6	61.5±6.3	NS
BMI (kg/cm^2)	24.1±2.6	24.1±2.5	NS
Group B
Systolic BP (mmHg)	134.6±18.4	133.0±14.6	NS
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	82.5±9.7	81.7±9.1	NS
Height (cm)	160.7±7.6	161.2±7.5	NS
Body weight (kg)	62.6±8.8	62.5±8.6	NS
BMI (kg/cm^2)	24.2±2.2	24.0±2.4	NS

Notes: Continuous data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. P-values were determined using the paired t-test.

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; NS, not statistically significant.

Table 3 Changes in laboratory findings in group R

Group R	First measurement	Second measurement	P-value
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	201.8±23.6	200.8±22.0	NS
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	59.3±15.9	60.0±15.4	NS
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	171.0±87.0	179.6±105.1	NS
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	122.3±11.7	118.3±14.0	NS
L/H	2.16±0.81	2.06±0.68	NS
Blood sugar (mg/dL)	102.3±16.1	126.2±60.2	NS
HbA1c (%)	6.10±0.77	6.43±2.41	NS
BUN (mg/dL)	13.4±4.3	13.5±4.1	NS
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.72±0.16	0.70±0.18	NS
Estimated GFR	75.9±15.7	79.0±19.7	NS

Notes: Continuous data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. P-values were determined using the paired t-test.

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; L/H, LDL/HDL ratio; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NS, not statistically significant.

Table 4 Changes in laboratory findings in group C

Group C	First measurement	Second measurement	P-value
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	201.9±29.3	197.1±30.9	NS
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	64.6±16.2	66.6±21.2	NS
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	140.5±66.6	132.6±74.6	NS
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	118.4±26.4	111.5±24.6	NS
L/H	1.96±0.70	1.86±0.72	NS
Blood sugar (mg/dL)	120.7±39.9	124.6±38.9	NS
HbA1c (%)	5.57±0.63	5.62±0.73	NS
BUN (mg/dL)	14.9±4.3	15.4±3.8	NS
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.68±0.16	0.71±0.18	NS
Estimated GFR	77.1±15.7	73.9±16.5	NS

Notes: Continuous data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. P-values were determined using the paired t-test.

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; L/H, LDL/HDL ratio; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NS, not statistically significant.

Table 5 Changes in laboratory findings in group B

Group B	First measurement	Second measurement	P-value
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	196.2±30.2	198.0±34.7	NS
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	59.6±16.7	62.6±17.7	NS
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	139.7±58.4	134.5±56.0	NS
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	116.6±24.0	118.9±26.1	NS
L/H	2.03±0.62	1.95±0.62	NS
Blood sugar (mg/dL)	126.8±43.8	123.4±38.5	NS
HbA1c (%)	5.79±0.65	5.72±0.68	NS
BUN (mg/dL)	15.3±3.6	16.0±3.6	NS
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.79±0.17	0.80±0.17	NS
Estimated GFR	69.4±14.1	68.9±14.8	NS

Notes: Continuous data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. P-values were determined using the paired t-test.

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; L/H, LDL/HDL ratio; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NS, not statistically significant.

Figure 1 In groups R and B, there were no significant changes in CAVI between the first and second measurements. However, the second CAVI measurement was significantly higher than the first in group C.

Notes: Continuous data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. P-values were determined using the paired t-test.
Abbreviations: CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; NS, not statistically significant.