Effect of surfactant and surfactant blends on pseudoternary phase diagram behavior of newly synthesized palm kernel oil esters

Figures & data

Figure 1 Chemical structure of the main palm kernel oil esters.

Table 1 Chosen hydrophilic nonionic surfactant for screening (Tween^® series)

Name	Molecular structure	HLB
Tween^® 20 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate		16.7
Tween^® 60 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate		14.9
Tween^® 80 polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate		15.0
Tween^® 85 Polyethylene glycol sorbitan trioleate		11.0

Abbreviation: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance.

Table 2 The chosen nonionic lipophilic surfactant for screening (Span^® series)

Name	Molecular structure	HLB
Span^® 20 sorbitan laurate (sorbitan monododecanoate)		8.6
Span^® 60 sorbitan monooctadecanoate (sorbitan monostearate)		4.7
Span^® 80 sorbitan monooleate (sorbitan (Z)-mono-9-octadecenoate)		4.3
Span^® 85 sorbitan trioleate		1.8

Abbreviation: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance.

Table 3 Categories of visual observation

Category	Description
Microemulsions	Transparent or translucent and can flow easily
Liquid crystal	Transparent or translucent nonflowable when inverted 90°
Emulsion	Milky or cloudy and can flow easily
Emollient gel or cream	Milky or cloudy non flowable when inverted 90°
Bicontinuous phase	More than one type of dispersion exists in the mixture, as indicated by the presence of more than one abbreviation of dispersions

Table 4 Example of calculation of component percentages using1:9 oil surfactant ratio and visual observation used in the construction of phase diagram formed by Tween^® 80 HLB 15.0 and palm kernel oil esters at oil to a surfactant ratio of 1:9 and water (percentage of oil, surfactant, and water for other systems containing a surfactant mixture of other HLB values, and oil to surfactant blends at other ratios were calculated and tabulated in the same way)

Weight of oil (g)	Weight of surfactant (g)	Weight of water added (g)	Total weight (g)	% of oil	% of surfactant	% of water	Visual observation and identification
0.1	0.9	0.1	1.1	9.1	81.8	9.1	ME BC
0.1	0.9	0.2	1.2	8.3	75	16.7	ME (O/W)
0.1	0.9	0.3	1.3	7.7	69.2	23.1	ME (O/W)
0.1	0.9	0.4	1.4	7.1	64.3	28.6	LC (O/W)
0.1	0.9	0.5	1.5	6.7	60.0	33.3	LC (O/W)
0.1	0.9	0.6	1.6	6.2	56.3	37.5	LC (O/W)
0.1	0.9	0.7	1.7	5.9	52.9	41.2	LC (O/W)
0.1	0.9	0.8	1.8	5.5	50.0	44.5	LC (O/W)
0.1	0.9	0.9	1.9	5.3	47.4	47.4	LC (O/W)
0.1	0.9	1.0	2.0	5.0	45.0	50.0	LC (O/W)
0.1	0.9	1.1	2.1	4.8	42.8	52.3	LC (O/W
0.1	0.9	1.2	2.2	4.5	40.9	54.5	LC (O/W
0.1	0.9	1,5	2.5	4.0	36.0	60.0	ME (O/W)
0.1	0.9	2.0	3.0	3.3	30.0	66.7	ME (O/W)
0.1	0.9	5.0	6.0	1.7	15.0	83.3	ME (O/W)
0.1	0.9	10.0	11.0	0.9	8.2	90.9	ME (O/W)
0.1	0.9	15.0	16.0	06	5.6	93.8	ME (O/W)
0.1	0.9	20.0	21.0	0.05	4.3	95.2	ME (O/W)

Abbreviations: LC, liquid crystal; O/W, oil in water; ME, microemulsion; BC, bicontinuous phase; HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance.

Table 5 Example of results of visual observations and microscopic examination which were used to construct phase diagram for mixtures of water, palm kernel oil esters, and Tween^®80 at HLB 15.0

O/S ratio (w/w)	Visual observations and microscopic examinations made after incubation for 24 hours at room temperature (total in g)
	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.9	2.0	6.0	11.0	16.0	210.0	220.0
9:1 (0.9:0.1)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E BC.L.	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)
4:1 (0.8:0.2)	ME (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E BC.L	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)
7:3 (0.7:0.3)	ME (W/O)	EMG (W/O)	EMG (W/O)	EMG (W/O)	E (W/O)	E (W/O)	E BCL	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)
3:2 (0.6:0.4)	ME (W/O)	ME (W/O)	EMG (W/O)	EMG (W/O)	EMG (W/O)	BCL EMG	EMG (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)
1:1 (0.5:0.5)	ME (W/O)	ME (W/O)	EMG (W/O)	EMG (W/O)	EMG BCL	EMG (O/W)	EMG (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)
2:3 (0.4:0.6)	ME (W/O)	ME (W/O)	ME (W/O)	LC BCL	EMG (O/W)	EMG (O/W)	EMG (O/W)	EMG (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)	E (O/W)
3:7 (0.3:0.7)	ME (W/O)	ME (W/O)	ME BCL	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)
1:4 (0.2:0.8)	ME (W/O)	ME BCL	ME (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)
1:9 (0.1:0.9)	ME BCL	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	LC (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)	ME (O/W)

Note: Results for mixtures containing surfactant of other HLB values were used to construct other phase diagrams.

Abbreviations: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; ME, microemulsion; O/W, oil in water; W/O, water in oil; E, emulsion; EMG, emollient gel; BCL, bicontinuous layer; O/S, oil/surfactant..

Table 6 The solubilization capacity of selected surfactants and surfactant blends

Surfactant	HLB	The minimum % of surfactant formed reverse micelle (solubilization capacity of surfactant to water)
T20	16.7	36.4
T60	14.9	27.3
T80	15.0	18.2
T85	11.0	27.3
T80/S20	13.7	36.4
T80/S60	14.0	36.4
T80/S85	13.7	18.2
T80/S80	13.9	27.3
T80/S80	12.9	36.4
T80/S80	11.8	36.4
T80/S80	10.7	45.4

Abbreviations: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; T, Tween^®; S, Span^®.

Figure 2 Complete schematic pseudoternary phase diagram formed by Tween^® 80 (HLB 15), palm kernel oil esters and water mixtures at various component compositions.

Abbreviations: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; PKOEs, palm kernel oil esters; W/O, water-in-oil; EMG, emollient gel; ME, microemulsion; O/W, oil-in-water; LC, liquid crystalline; Surfact, surfactant.

Figure 3 Complete schematic pseudoternary phase diagram formed by Tween^® 80/Span^® 80 blend at HLB 13.9, palm kernel oil esters and water at various component compositions.

Abbreviations: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; PKOEs, palm kernel oil esters; W/O, water-in-oil; EMG, emollient gel; ME, microemulsion; O/W, oil-in-water; LC, liquid crystalline; Surfact, surfactant; T, Tween^®; S, Span^®.

Figure 4 Complete schematic pseudoternary phase diagram formed by Tween^® 80/Span^® 80 blend at HLB 12.9, palm kernel oil esters and water at various component compositions.

Abbreviations: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; PKOEs, palm kernel oil esters; W/O, water-in-oil; EMG, emollient gel; ME, microemulsion; O/W, oil-in-water; LC, liquid crystalline; Surfact, surfactant; T, Tween^®; S, Span^®.

Figure 5 Complete schematic pseudoternary phase diagram formed by Tween^® 80/Span^® 80 blend at HLB 11.8, palm kernel oil esters and water at various component compositions.

Abbreviations: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; PKOEs, palm kernel oil esters; W/O, water-in-oil; EMG, emollient gel; ME, microemulsion; O/W, oil-in-water; LC, liquid crystalline; Surfact, surfactant; T, Tween^®; S, Span^®.

Figure 6 Complete schematic pseudoternary phase formed by Tween^® 80/Span 80^® blend at HLB 10.7, palm kernel oil esters, and water at various compositions.

Abbreviations: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; PKOEs, palm kernel oil esters; W/O, water-in-oil; EMG, emollient gel; ME, microemulsion; O/W, oil-in-water; LC, liquid crystalline; Surfact, surfactant; T, Tween^®; S, Span^®.

Figure 7 Complete schematic pseudoternary phase formed by Tween^® 80/Span^® 85 blend at HLB 13.7, palm kernel oil esters and water at various component compositions.

Abbreviations: HLB, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; PKOEs, palm kernel oil esters; W/O, water-in-oil; EMG, emollient gel; ME, microemulsion; O/W, oil-in-water; LC, liquid crystalline; Surfact, surfactant; T, Tween^®; S, Span^®.