Review of daclizumab and its therapeutic potential in the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis

Figures & data

Table 1 FDA-approved therapies and treatments in Phase III trials for MS

Disease-modifying agent	Dose, route, and frequency of administration	Year of FDA approval	Adverse effects
Interferon beta-1b (Betaseron®; Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Montville, NJ, USA)	0.25 mcg SC, every other day	1993	Flu-like symptoms; leukopenia; elevated liver enzymes; thyroid dysfunction
Interferon β-1a (Avonex®; Biogen Idec, Inc, Weston, MA, USA)	30 mcg IM, once per week	1996	Flu-like symptoms; leukopenia; elevated liver enzymes; thyroid dysfunction
Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd, Petah Tikva, Israel)	20 mg SC, daily	1997	Injection-site reactions; lipoatrophy; postinjection vasomotor syndrome
Mitoxantrone (Novantrone®; EMD Serono, Inc, Rockland, MA, USA)	Variable based on BSA	2002	Infections; bone marrow suppression; nausea, hair thinning; bladder infections; mouth sores
Interferon beta-1a (Rebif®; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)	44 mcg SC, three times per week	2002	Flu-like symptoms; leukopenia; elevated liver enzymes; thyroid dysfunction
Natalizumab Tysabri® (Biogen Idic, Inc, Weston, MA, USA)	300 mg IV, every 4 weeks	2006	Hypersensitivity reactions; infusion reactions (headache, rigors); PML risk; infection risk
Interferon beta-1b (Extavia®; Novartis international AG, Basel, Switzerland)	0.25 mcg SC, every other day	2009	Flu-like symptoms; leukopenia; elevated liver enzymes; thyroid dysfunction
Fingolimod (Gilenya®; Novartis International AG)	0.5 mg oral, daily	2010	Headache; elevated liver enzymes; cough; lymphopenia; infections; bradycardia
Teriflunomide (Aubagio®; Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA, USA)	7 mg and 14 mg oral, once daily	2012	Abnormal liver function; alopecia; nausea; teratogenic
BG-12 (Tecfidera™; Biogen Idec, Inc)	240 mg oral, twice per day	2013	Flushing; abdominal pain; nausea; diarrhea
Alemtuzmab (Lemtrada™; Genzyme Corporation)	12 mg IV, 5 consecutive days initially, then 3 consecutive days annually	Under FDA review	Risk of infections; infusion reactions; secondary autoimmune disorders including thyroid diseases and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Ocrelizumab	600 mg and 1,000 mg IV doses used in clinical trials, cycles of two doses, 2 weeks apart every 6 months	Phase III trials	Mild to moderate infusion reactions; risk of infections
Daclizumab	150 mg and 300 mg SC in clinical trials, every 4 weeks	Phase III trials	Risk of infections; secondary autoimmune disorders; cutaneous events; elevated liver enzymes
Laquinimod	0.6 mg and 1.2 mg daily, administered orally	Phase III trial	Elevated liver enzymes; abdominal pain

Abbreviations: FDA, US Food and Drug Administration; MS, multiple sclerosis; SC, subcutaneous; IM, intramuscularly; BSA, body surface area; IV, intravenous; PML, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.