Antibacterial and Antimicrobial Effects of Xanthorrhizol in the Prevention of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Chemical structure of xanthorrhizol.

Table 1 Summary of Included Studies

First Author Name and Year	Study Type	Xanthorrhizol Concentration	Antibacterial/Antimicrobial Activity				Major Finding(s)
			S. mutans	S. sanguinis	E. faecalis	B. cereus
Hwang et al^Citation28 2000	In vitro	5 µg/mL	2 µg/mL (MIC)	–	–	–	Xanthorrrhizol has fast antibacterial activity and makes it suitable for use as mouthwash or toothpaste.
Hwang et al^Citation33 2000	In vitro	–	2 µg/mL (MIC)	4 µg/mL (MIC)	–	–	Xanthorrrhizol had the highest inhibition of bacterial growth for all Streptococcus species.
Rukayadi^Citation34 2006	In vitro	5, 10 and 50 µmol/l	76% −100%	–	–	–	The antibacterial effect of xanthorrrhizol depends on its exposure time and concentration as well as on the phase growth of biofilm.
Rukayadi^Citation36 2006	In vitro	1–10 µg/mL	2.5 µg/mL (MIC)	–	–	–	The antibacterial effect of xanthorrrhizol was comparable to that of chlorhexidine.
Kim et al^Citation37 2008	In vitro	0.1 mg/mL	57.6%	–	–	–	The antibacterial effect of xanthorrrhizol was comparable to that of chlorhexidine.
Lee et al^Citation44 2008	In vitro	10%	–	–	–	8 µg/mL (MIC)	Xanthorrrhizol had effective antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens.
Bhat et al^Citation35 2012	Clinical trial	5%	78%	–	–	–	Xanthorrhizol is an effective disinfectant for toothbrushes and thus could prevent caries.
Yue et al^Citation39 2016	In vitro	1%	–	–	0.0625%	–	At alkalization state, the antibacterial effect of xanthorrhizol on Enterococcus faecalis was higher than chlorhexidine.
Lee et al^Citation27 2017	In vitro	0–10^4 ng/mL	0–6.29 log10 (CFU/mL)	–	–	–	The antibacterial effect of xanthorrrhizol showed synergy with photodynamic therapy in preventing caries.
Cho et al^Citation52 2020	In vitro	58.3–233.9 nm (droplet diameter)	5.72 log10 (CFU/mL)	–	–	–	Nanoemulsions of xanthorrhizol showed stable and strong antimicrobial effects.
Philip et al^Citation49 2020	In vitro	200 µg/mL	4 µg/mL (MIC)	4–8 µg/mL (MIC)	–	–	Xanthorrrhizol had the highest inhibition of bacterial growth.

Abbreviations:S. mutans, Streptococcus mutans; S. sanguinis, Streptococcus sanguinis; E. faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis; B. cereus, Bacillus cereus; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; CFU, colony forming unit.

Figure 2 PRISMA diagram depicting the process of study inclusion. Adapted from Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(7): e1000097.³²

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LeeH-J, KangS-M, JeongS-H, et al. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy with curcumin and Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract against Streptococcus mutans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017;20:116–119. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.09.00328890211

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MoherD, LiberatiA, TetzlaffJ, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.100009719621072

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