https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9786-7492
Figures & data
Figure 1 Distribution of N-heterocyclic drugs in the FDA database.
Figure 2 Substitution-type analysis of pyridine- (A) and dihydropyridine (B)-containing FDA-approved drugs.
Figure 3 Publications on pyridine- and dihydropyridine-containing compounds, 2010–2020 (source: Scopus and SciFinder).
Figure 4 Pyridine and dihydropyridine ring system in medicinally important natural products.
Figure 5 Effect of pyridine on key pharmacological parameters.
Figure 6 Some commercially available drugs containing the pyridine scaffold.
Figure 7 Some commercially available drugs containing the dihydropyridine scaffold.
Table 1 Commercially available pyridine- and/or dihydropyridine-containing drugs and their applications
Figure 8 FDA-approved vasodilators containing both pyridine and dihydropyridine scaffolds.
Figure 9 Substitution-pattern analysis in pyridine and dihydropyridine in FDA-approved drugs.
Figure 10 Dodecylpyridinium moiety containing dihydropyridines with potent calcium antagonism in the A7r5 cell line.
Figure 11 FDA-approved drugs containing pyridine or dihydropyridine scaffolds for the treatment of hypertension.
Figure 12 Highly potent calcium-channel antagonists.
Figure 13 Calcium-channel antagonists.
Figure 14 N-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines containing thiosemicarbazone.
Figure 15 Cholesterol-lowering drugs in the statin class.
Figure 16 Antihyperlipidemic (benzoylphenyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide compounds.
Figure 17 Cholesterol-lowering compounds (18–22) containing dihydropyridine rings.
Figure 18 Pyridine-containing antibiotics approved by the FDA during the last decade.
Figure 19 Oxazolidinone–pyridine-substituted antibacterial agents.
Figure 20 Oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridines containing antibacterial agents with remarkable activity.
![Figure 20 Oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridines containing antibacterial agents with remarkable activity.](/cms/asset/95eecae4-3e12-4852-8bb4-807298d39cd2/dddt_a_12184259_f0020_c.jpg)
Figure 21 Pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine–bearing compounds with significant effect against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.
![Figure 21 Pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine–bearing compounds with significant effect against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.](/cms/asset/06e76954-5cfe-4b46-afc9-993c08649482/dddt_a_12184259_f0021_c.jpg)
Figure 22 Antibacterial dihydropyridines with thiazole moiety.
Figure 23 Highly potent antibacterial agents against staphylococcal infections.
Figure 24 Highly potent antitubercular compounds (43–45) with MIC values (µg/mL) against M. bovis BCG.
Figure 25 Pyridine-containing drugs against mycobacteria.
Figure 26 2(1-adamantylthio) pyridine derivatives with potent antimicrobial activity.
Figure 27 Highly active antimalarial pyridyl–indole hybrids.
Figure 28 Highly potent antimalarial pyridine-containing fosmidomycin derivative.
Figure 29 Pyridine/dihydropyridine-containing drugs in the market for HIV/AIDS treatment.
Figure 30 Pyridine–furan hybrid compounds with 50% reduction in viral titer against adenovirus 7 strain.
Figure 31 Potent antiviral compound 59 with activity against H5N1 influenza virus.
Figure 32 Antiviral GAK inhibitors containing isothiazolopyridine scaffold.
Figure 33 Antiviral compounds capable of targeting cyclin G–associated kinase of dengue virus.
Figure 34 Antiviral compounds with high GAK-binding affinity.
Figure 35 FDA-approved oxicam-class NSAIDs for musculoskeletal disorders, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Figure 36 Commercially available NSAIDs containing the pyridine ring.
Figure 37 Indolyl pyridines (67–68) and dihydropyridine-containing compounds (69–71) with remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in animal models.
Figure 38 Thienopyridine derivatives (72–75) with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory profiles. IC50 values correspond to inhibition of NO production on murine RAW264.7 macrophages.
Figure 39 Highly potent anti-inflammatory compounds.
Figure 40 11β-HSD1 inhibitors against diabetes mellitus.
Figure 41 Coumarin-fused pyridines with potent α-glucosidase activity.
Figure 42 Pyridine- or dihydropyridine-containing drug-repurposing candidates for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Figure 43 Structure of the wide-spectrum neuroprotective drug nimodipine.
Figure 44 Highly potent AChE inhibitor.
Figure 45 Structure of naturally occurring huperzine A.
Figure 46 Compound 87 is capable of increasing expression of the GAD67 enzyme in the hippocampus.
Figure 47 Antiparkinsonian activity of compounds 88and 89were comparable to reference drugs.
Figure 48 Structure of glutapyrone (left) and tauropyrone (right).
Figure 49 Pyroxicam binds with water-channel AQP4 to prevent cerebral ischemia.
Figure 50 Neuroprotective agent.
Table 2 Summary of neurogenic/neuroprotective compounds with pyridine or dihydropyridine scaffolds
Figure 51 Neurogenically active pyridine alkaloids isolated from Senna and Cassia spp.
Figure 52 Pyridine-containing anticancer drugs in FDA database.
Figure 53 FDA-approved kinase inhibitors with pyridine scaffolds.
Figure 54 Pyridine–thiazole hybrids with remarkable anticancer effect in MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma.
Figure 55 Pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine- and dihydropyridine-derived compounds.
![Figure 55 Pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine- and dihydropyridine-derived compounds.](/cms/asset/1d125fec-9a2e-4b49-ac4b-5a865bb79c48/dddt_a_12184259_f0055_c.jpg)
Figure 56 Oncology drugs for leukemia recently approved by the FDA.
Figure 57 Substituent effect on cytotoxicity by pyridine–indole hybrid compounds.
Figure 58 1,4-Dihydropyridine-containing benzylpyridinium moieties with remarkable anticancer activity.
Figure 59 Fused heterocyclic derivatives containing pyridine moieties.
Figure 60 Tetralin–pyridine hybrids.
Figure 61 Highly potent anticancer compound with PDE3-inhibitory effect.
Figure 62 Antitumor agents with telomerase-inhibitory effects.
Figure 63 Compounds with remarkable activity against HepG2 liver cancer cells.
Figure 64 Pyridine–pyrimidine hybrid ring system containing compound 126 with inhibitory effects against NCI60 cell lines.
Figure 65 Isonicotinic ester containing compounds 127 and 128.
Figure 66 p-cymene–ruthenium complex 130 with submicromolar anticancer activity against ovarian cancer cell lines.
Figure 67 Structure simplification in pyridine–isatin hybrids resulted in better IC50 values.
Figure 68 [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridinylpyridine–containing highly potent anticancer agent.
![Figure 68 [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridinylpyridine–containing highly potent anticancer agent.](/cms/asset/37a0efd9-d4f1-4bb6-8808-3cf6b3840fca/dddt_a_12184259_f0068_c.jpg)
Figure 69 Diphenyl 1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethylphosphonate–containing anticancer agents.
