Dexmedetomidine’s Effects on the Livers and Kidneys of Rats with Pancreatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Figures & data

Table 1 Histopathological Data of Hepatic Tissue (Median [IQR])

	Group C (n = 6)	Group D (n = 6)	Group IR (n = 6)	Group D-IR (n = 6)	p**
Hydropic degeneration	0.00 (0.00–1.00)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)*	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.75–1.00)+	0.014
Sinusoidal dilation	0.00 (0.00–1.00)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	2.00 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.75–1.00)	0.009
Pycnotic nuclei	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.75–1.00)+	0.032
Necrosis	0.00 (0.00–0.25)	0.00 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.00–1.00)+	0.007
Parenchymal mononuclear cell infiltration	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–1.25)	1.00 (1.00–1.25)	0.174

Notes: p** Significance level obtained with the Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05. *p < 0.05: Compared to Group C. ^&p < 0.05: Compared to Group D. ⁺p < 0.05: Compared to Group IR.

Abbreviation: n, Number of rats.

Figure 1 Representative light microscopy of hepatic tissue from the control group. Normal liver tissue.

Abbreviations: HL, hepatic lobule; VC, vena centralis; k, Kupffer cell hyperplasia; *, sinusoidal dilatation; ↓↓, infiltration; →, hepatocyte.

Figure 2 Representative light microscopy of hepatic tissue from the dexmedetomidine group.

Abbreviations: HL, hepatic lobule; VC, vena centralis; er, erythrocyte; ep, epitelyum; conj, congestion; *, sinusoidal dilatation; ↓↓, infiltration; →, hepatocyte.

Figure 3 Representative light microscopy of hepatic tissue from the ischemia-reperfusion group.

Abbreviations: HL, hepatic lobules; VC, vena centralis; er, erythrocyte; ep, epitelyum; conj, congestion; *, sinusoidal dilatation; ↓↓, infiltration; inf, inflammation; →, hepatocyte; (*), necrotic and apoptotic hepatocyte.

Figure 4 Representative light microscopy of hepatic tissue from dexmedetomidine ischemia-reperfusion group.

Abbreviations: HL, hepatic lobule; VC, vena centralis; er, erythrocyte; conj: congestion; *, sinusoidal dilatation; inf, inflammation; →, hepatocyte; k, Kupffer cell hyperplasia; (*), necrotic and apoptotic hepatocyte.

Table 2 Histopathological Data of the Kidney Tissue (Median [IQR])

	Group C (n = 6)	Group D (n = 6)	Group IR (n = 6)	Group D-IR (n= 6)	p**
Glomerular vacuolization (GV)	0.00 (0.00–100)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.75–1.00)+	0.014
Tubular dilatation (TD)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	1.00 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.75–1.00)+	0.032
Vascular vacuolization and hypertrophy (VVH)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.75–1.00)	0.033
Tubular cell degeneration and necrosis (TCDN)	0.00 (0.00–1.00)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.00–1.00)+	0.021
Bowman space dilatation (BSD)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)	1.00 (0.00–1.00)	0.070
Tubular hyaline cylinders (THC)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.75–1.00)+	0.032
Lymphocyte infiltration (LI)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	0.50 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.75–1.00)+	0.025
Tubular cell shedding (TCS)	0.00 (0.00–1.00)	0.00 (0.00–1.00)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)*,^&	1.00 (0.00–1.00)+	0.014

Notes: p** Significance level obtained with the Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05. *p < 0.05: Compared to group C. ^&p < 0.05: Compared to group D. ⁺p < 0.05: Compared to group IR.

Abbreviation: n, Number of rats.

Figure 5 Representative light microscopy of kidney tissue from the control group. Normal kidney tissue.

Abbreviations: RM, renal medulla; RC, renal cortex; g, glomerulus; dt, distal tubule; pt, proximal tubule; ↓, dilate tubule; v, vacuolization.

Figure 6 Representative light microscopy of kidney tissue from the dexmedetomidine group.

Abbreviations: RC, renal cortex; g, glomerulus; dt, distal tubule; pt, proximal tubule; ↓, dilate tubule; m, macula densa.

Figure 7 Representative light microscopy of kidney tissue from ischemia/reperfusion group.

Abbreviations: g, glomerulus; dt, distal tubule; pt, proximal tubule; ↓, dilate tubule; v, vacuolization; ∧, Bowman space; inf, inflammation; conj, congestion.

Figure 8 Representative light microscopy of kidney tissue from the dexmedetomidine ischemia-reperfusion group.

Abbreviations: g, glomerulus; dt, distal tubule; pt, proximal tubule; ↓, dilate tubule; v, vacuolization; ∧, Bowman space; inf, inflammation; m, macula densa.

Table 3 Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Oxidant (TBARS) Levels (Mean ± SD) in Liver Tissue

	Group C (n = 6)	Group D (n = 6)	Group IR (n = 6)	Group D-IR (n = 6)	p**
TBARS (nmol/mg protein)	8.66 ± 2.00	7.23 ± 0.59	19.28 ± 2.51*,^&	9.23 ± 0.83*+	< 0.0001
AES (IU/mg protein)	0.41 ± 0.13	0.47 ± 0.13	0.92± 0.31*,^&	0.58 ± 0.22+	0.004
GST (IU/mg protein)	1.56 ± 0.32	1.55 ± 0.21	1.82 ± 0.17	1.75 ± 0.18	0.138
CAT (IU/mg protein)	28.28 ± 10.32	23.86 ± 10.16	81.40 ± 14.99*,^&	31.28 ± 13.92+	< 0.0001

Notes: p** Significance level obtained with the ANOVA test, p < 0.05. *p < 0.05: Compared to Group C. ^&p < 0.05: Compared to Group D. ⁺p < 0.05: Compared to Group IR.

Abbreviation: n, Number of rats.

Table 4 Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Oxidant (TBARS) Levels (Mean ± SD) in Kidney Tissues

	Group C (n = 6)	Group D (n = 6)	Group IR (n = 6)	Group D-IR (n = 6)	P**
TBARS (nmol/mg protein)	11.29 ± 1.02	12.60 ± 3.14	22.95 ± 1.69*,^&	13.17 ± 3.32+	< 0.0001
AES (IU/mg protein)	0.55 ± 0.17	0.58 ± 0.25	1.53 ± 0.25*,^&	0.72 ± 0.24 +	< 0.0001
GST (IU/mg protein)	1.39 ± 0.27	1.34 ± 0.29	1.27 ± 0.18	1.38 ± 0.16	0.810
CAT (IU/mg protein)	19.63 ± 3.77	15.53 ± 7.84	72.95 ± 21.48*,^&	26.05 ± 5.76+	< 0.0001

Notes: p** Significance level obtained with the ANOVA test, p < 0.05. *p < 0.05: Compared to Group C. ^&p < 0.05: Compared to Group D. +p < 0.05: Compared to Goup IR.

Abbreviation: n, Number of rats.

Table 5 Serum AST, ALT, GGT, BUN, Creatinine Levels (Mean ± SD)

	Group C (n = 6)	Group D (n = 6)	Group IR (n = 6)	Group D-IR (n = 6)	p**
AST (U/L)	138.33 ± 15.86	167.17 ± 28.24	1350.66 ± 272.30*,^&	917.50 ± 181.51*,^&,+	< 0.0001
ALT (U/L)	68.83 ± 9.41	63.33 ± 14.36	276.67 ± 55.54*,^&	163.00 ± 70.70*,^&, +	< 0.0001
GGT (U/L)	7.33 ± 2.25	7.83 ± 1.60	11.17 ± 2.14*,^&	8.83 ± 1.17+	0.009
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.32 ± 0.03	0.43 ± 0.15	0.50 ± 0.17	0.45 ± 0.13	0.185
BUN (mg/dL)	28.83 ± 6.14	34.00 ± 16.66	44.83 ± 28.05	37.50 ± 9.73	0.457

Notes: p** Significance level obtained with the ANOVA test, p < 0.05. *p < 0.05: Compared to Group C. ^&p < 0.05: Compared to Group D. ⁺p < 0.05: Compared to Group IR.

Abbreviation: n, Number of rats.