Figures & data
Figure 1 A diagram showing healthy IVD and the key pathogenic and anatomical alterations in IVDD. MMPs is Matrix metalloproteinases, ADAMTS is Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motif.
Figure 2 Diagnostic methods and current treatments of LDH.
Table 1 Main Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for IVDD
Figure 3 NDDSs that are commonly used for IVDD therapy.
Table 2 Recently Representative Research of Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of IVDD
Table 3 Representative Exosome Transferred miRNAs in Treatment of IVDD
Figure 4 Exosome and miRNA biogenesis. (A) Exosome biogenesis. (B). Exosome composition. (C). Exosome internalization. (D) miRNA biogenesis; Pol II is an RNA polymerase II, whereas RNAP III is an RNA polymerase III.
Figure 5 Therapeutic molecules (miRNAs) transferred by MSC-derived exosomes in treatment of IVDD. (A) Schematic representation of an experimental intradiscal injection of MSC-derived exosomes in a deteriorated IVD. (B) Therapeutic miRNAs are transmitted to degenerated IVD NP cells by MSC-derived exosomes, which hinder the translation process, regulating many intracellular processes such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, aging, ECM disintegration, and cytokine release. (C) IVD regeneration after MSC-derived exosome therapy, with increased cell proliferation, ECM production, and NP hydration, autophagy, decreased cytokines, and increased mitochondrial protein expression.
