Exploring the Median Effective Dose of Ciprofol for Anesthesia Induction in Elderly Patients: Impact of Frailty on ED₅₀

Figures & data

Table 1 Patient Characteristics and Induction Data in the Groups

Variable	Group N (n=26)	Group F (n=28)	P value
Female, n (%)	7/26(27%)	11/28(39%)	0.395
Age (yr)	69.5±3.8	74.6±6.8	<0.001
Height (cm)	163.6±6.9	163.1±6.9	0.790
Weight (kg)	64.4±9.9	60.7±9.9	0.154
BMI (mg kg^−2)	23.9±2.7	22.5±2.7	0.060
ASA physical status, n (%)
II	15/26(58%)	4/28(14%)	0.001
III	11/26(42%)	24/28(86%)	0.001
Comorbidities
MMSE (score)	21.2±2.3	20.5±2.1	0.256
HBP history, n (%)	8/26(31%)	11/28(39%)	0.513
DM, n (%)	5/26(19%)	7/28(25%)	0.610
Cardiac disease history, n (%)	6/26(23%)	8/28(29%)	0.645
Dose (mg/kg)	0.27±0.2	0.26±0.2	0.512
Respiratory depression, n (%)	10/26(39%)	16/28(57%)	0.187

Notes: Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation), n (%), or median (interquartile range). Group N: the non-frail group; Group F: the frail group.

Abbreviations: ASA physical status, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; MMSE, Mini-mental state examination; HBP, high blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Figure 1 Flow diagram of included participants.

Table 2 ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ of Ciprofol for Anesthesia Induction

	Group N(n=26)	Group F(n=28)	P value
ED50	0.267 (0.250–0.284)	0.263 (0.244–0.281)	0.512
ED95	0.301 (0.284–0.397)	0.302 (0.283–0.412)	–

Note: The ED₅₀ and ED₉₅ with their 95% confidence interval.

Figure 2 (A) The up-and-down sequence of ciprofol dose for loss of consciousness in Group N. The black dot represents “successful loc” and the white dot represents “failed loc”. (B) The up-and-down sequence of ciprofol dose for loss of consciousness in Group F. (C) Dose–response curve fitted to the Saidman and Eger data and used to generate the simulation data in Group N. Here a positive response is defined as the MOAA/S≤1 and BIS value<60. (D) Dose–response curve fitted to the Saidman and Eger data and used to generate the simulation data in Group F.

Abbreviations: LOC, loss of consciousness; ED₅₀, median effective dose; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 3 Hemodynamic parameters and BIS values during anesthesia induction. HR didn’t decrease (A), MAP decreased (B), BIS decreased (C) after bolus administration of ciprofol in the groups. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval.

Notes: *p<0.001 compared to T₀ in the Group N. ^#p<0.001 compared to T₀ in the Group F. T₀ - initiation of anesthesia induction; T₁ - 30 seconds after induction; T₂ - 60 seconds after induction; T₃ - 90 seconds after induction; T₄ - 120 seconds after induction; T₅ - 150 seconds after induction; T₆ - 180 seconds after induction.

Abbreviations: BIS, bispectral index; MAP, Mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate.