Vitamin D in asthma and future perspectives

Figures & data

Figure 1 Vitamin D metabolic pathway per system.

Abbreviations: PTH, parathyroid hormone; 1,25(OH)₂D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Table 1 Studies investigating VDR gene polymorphisms, CYP2R1 variants, and asthma susceptibility in different populations

Study	N	Polymorphisms investigated	Population	Outcome
Fang et al^Citation31	101	VDR SNPs	Chinese	No association between Fok I and Bsm I polymorphisms of VDR gene and asthma development
Li et al^Citation32	467	Eight exons of VDR and all five exons of CYP2R1	Chinese Han	Association between GC variants and asthma susceptibility
Pillai et al^Citation33	139	12 SNPs in VDR, CYP24A1, and CYP2R1	Young African Americans	Association between CYP2R1 (SNP rs10766197) homozygous minor genotype and asthma. Association between CYP24A1 (SNP rs2248137) and lower vitamin D levels
Maalmi et al^Citation30	155	VDR SNPs	Tunisian children	No association between VDR SNPs and serum 25(OH)D levels. Association between VDR gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to asthma

Abbreviations: VDR, vitamin D receptor; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; 25(OH)D, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Table 2 Studies relating vitamin D with respiratory disorder

Author	Year	Country–population	Study subjects	Sample size	Methods	Respiratory disorder	Association between vitamin D and risk of disorder
Devereux et al^Citation59	2007	Scotland	Mother–child pairs (early childhood)	2,000	Maternal food-frequency questionnaire	Wheezing in children	Inversely
Camargo et al^Citation60	2007	USA	Mother–child pairs (early childhood)	1,194	Maternal food-frequency questionnaire	Wheezing in children	Inversely
Erkkola et al^Citation62	2009	Finland	5 years	1,669	Maternal food-frequency questionnaire	Asthma, allergic rhinitis in children	Inversely
Camargo et al^Citation72	2010	New Zealand	Newborns to 5 years	929	Cord blood 25(OH)D	Asthma, wheezing	Inversely in wheezing, none in asthma
Carroll et al^Citation73	2011	Canada	Mother–infant pairs	340	Maternal whole blood 25(OH)D	Asthma in mothers; bronchiolitis in children	Inversely in mothers, none in children
Camargo et al^Citation74	2010	USA	Newborns	922	Cord blood 25(OH)D	Asthma, respiratory infection, wheezing	None in asthma, inversely in respiratory infection, wheezing
Morales et al^Citation76	2012	Spain	Offspring 1–4 years 4–6 years	1,724	Maternal plasma 25(OH)D	Asthma, wheezing in offspring	None
Pike et al^Citation77	2012	UK	6-year-old children	860	Maternal serum 25(OH)D	Asthma, wheeze or atopy	None
Brehm et al^Citation82	2009	Costa Rica	Children	616	Serum 25(OH)D levels	Asthma, allergy	Inversely
Brehm et al^Citation83	2010	African American	Children	1,024	Serum 25(OH)D levels	Asthma	Inversely
Brehm et al^Citation84	2012	Puerto Rican	Children	560	Serum 25(OH)D levels	Asthma	Inversely
Freishtat et al^Citation85	2010	African American	Youth	113	Serum 25(OH)D levels	Asthma	Inversely
Chinellato et al^Citation87	2011	Italy	Children	75	Serum 25(OH)D levels	Asthma	Inversely
Alyasin et al^Citation90	2011	Iran	Children	100	Serum 25(OH)D levels	Asthma	Inversely
Li et al^Citation101	2011	People’s Republic of China	Adults	435	Serum 25(OH)D levels	Asthma–lung function	Inversely

Abbreviation: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

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