Rare sugar d-psicose prevents progression and development of diabetes in T2DM model Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats

Figures & data

Figure 1 Periodic changes in fasting blood glucose (A) and insulin (B) concentrations with long-term treatment with or without rare sugar d-psicose in rats till age 60 weeks.

Notes: The O-P group was treated with 5% d-psicose dissolved in drinking water and all the rats were supplied with a standard rat diet. (C–E) show changes in blood sugar and (F–H) show plasma insulin levels during 2-hour oral glucose (2 g/kg body weight in 50% solution) tolerance test. (I–K) show serial changes of HOMA-IR, HOMA-%β, and HOMA-%S. (L) shows changes in postprandial blood glucose levels, and (M) shows HbA_1c levels. ^aRepresents significance versus O-C group. ^bRepresents significance versus O-P group. Values are given as mean ± SD (n=9 for OLETF rats and n=6 for LETO rats).
Abbreviations: HbA_1c, hemoglobin A_1c; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; LETO, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; OLETF, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty; O-C, OLETF control; O-P, OLETF psicose.

Figure 2 Periodic changes in individual rat body weight of O-C (A) and O-P (B) groups with long-term treatment with or without rare sugar d-psicose in rats till age 60 weeks.

Notes: The O-P group was treated with 5% d-psicose dissolved in drinking water, where O-C and non-diabetic LETO were fed drinking water only. All the rats were supplied a standard rat diet. Changes in average body weight (C), quantity of average food intake (D), and average drink intake (E). ^aRepresents significance versus O-C group. ^bRepresents significance versus O-P group. Values are given as mean ± SD (n=9 for OLETF rats and n=6 for LETO rats).
Abbreviations: LETO, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka; OLETF, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty; O-C, OLETF control; O-P, OLETF psicose.

Figure 3 Periodic changes of blood lipid profile in rats of all groups with long-term treatment with or without rare sugar d-psicose till age 60 weeks.

Notes: The O-P group was treated with 5% d-psicose dissolved in drinking water, where O-C and non-diabetic LETO were fed drinking water only. All the rats were supplied standard rat diet. Changes in serum total cholesterol (A), triglyceride (B), FFM and FM (C), BMI (D), HDL (E), and LDL (F) were shown. Data in (G–I) represent wet weight of adipose tissue, number of large adipocytes, and number of total adipocytes, respectively. (J–L) represents HE staining of adipose tissue of O-C (J), O-P (K), and LETO (L) at age 60 weeks. ^aRepresent significance versus O-C group ^bRepresents significance versus O-P group. Values are given as mean ± SD (n=9 for OLETF rats and n=6 for LETO rats). Magnification: ×200. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LETO, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka; OLETF, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty; O-C, OLETF control; O-P, OLETF psicose; HE, hematoxylin and eosin.

Figure 4 Changes in light microscopic features of pancreas of rats of all groups at week 60 with long-term treatment with or without rare sugar d-psicose.

Notes: The O-P group was treated with 5% d-psicose dissolved in drinking water, where O-C and non-diabetic LETO were fed drinking water only. All the rats were supplied a standard rat diet. Changes of the pancreas of O-C (A), O-P (B), and LETO (C) rats stained with HE at age 60 weeks during sacrifice. (A) Islet disorganization with severe fibrosis, atrophy, and markedly infiltrated inflammatory cells. (B) Some islets were enlarged, but minimal fibrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in the pancreas in d-psicose-treated rats. (C) Histological changes were absent or rarely observed in the pancreas of nondiabetic control LETO rats. The table adjacent to the HE pictures depicts the number of different-sized islets in all groups, with almost absent intact large and medium-size islets in the O-C group in comparison to O-P and LETO groups. (D–F) show immunofluorescence staining for insulin (red color) stained with anti-insulin antibody and glucagon (green color) stained with antiglucagon antibody to identify the presence and organization of both β- and α-cells in the pancreas at age 60 weeks. (G, H) Serial changes of serum levels of leptin and adiponectin, respectively. (I–K) show serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 at age 30 weeks, and serum GSH at ages 30 and 60 weeks. ^aSignificant difference versus O-C group at corresponding age ^bSignificant difference versus O-P group at corresponding age. Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=9 for OLETF rats and n=6 for LETO rats). Magnification: ×40; scale bars: 500 μm (Figures A–C). Magnification: ×200; scale bars: 100 μm (Figures D–F).
Abbreviations: GSH, glutathione; HPF, high power field; IL-6, interleukin 6; LETO, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka; OLETF, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty; O-C, OLETF control; O-P, OLETF psicose; TNF, tumor necrotic factor; HE, hematoxylin and eosin.

Figure 5 Immunohistochemical staining of CD68-expressing neutrophils (A–C) and F4/80-expressing macrophages (D–F) in adipose tissue of rats of all groups at week 60 with long-term treatment with or without rare sugar d-psicose.

Notes: The O-P group was treated with 5% d-psicose dissolved in drinking water, where O-C and non-diabetic LETO were fed drinking water only. All the rats were supplied a standard rat diet. Arrows indicate positive-stained cells for CD68 in O-C (A), O-P (B), and LETO (C), and for F4/80 in O-C (D), O-P (E), and LETO (F). Black circle in D indicates positive-stained cells in the circle. Magnification: ×400. Scale bars: 50 μm.
Abbreviations: LETO, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka; OLETF, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty; O-C, OLETF control; O-P, OLETF psicose.