Evaluation of combined famotidine with quercetin for the treatment of peptic ulcer: in vivo animal study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Photograph of the prepared freeze-dried famotidine-loaded alginate beads.

Notes: (A) Dried beads; (B) dried beads floated in simulated gastric fluid (top view); (C) dried beads floating in simulated gastric fluid (side view).

Figure 2 Scanning electron microscope micrographs of freeze-dried calcium alginate beads.

Notes: (A) External surface; (B) internal cross-section with magnification power ×75; (C) internal cross-section with magnification power ×500; (D) internal cross-section with magnification power ×1,000.

Figure 3 Gross appearance of the gastric mucosa in stomachs of indomethacin-induced models.

Notes: (A) Normal control; (B) disease control group; (C) commercial FAM; (D) FAM beads; (E) FAM beads plus QRT–PVP.
Abbreviations: FAM, famotidine; PVP, polyvinyl pyrrolidone; QRT, quercetin.

Figure 4 Effects of different treatments on gastric ulcer in indomethacin-induced ulcers in rats.

Notes: All values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation; n=8 animals in each group. *Significant difference versus indomethacin-treated group (group 2); ^§significant difference versus commercial famotidine group (group 3); ^#significant difference versus famotidine beads-treated group (group 4). P<0.05.
Abbreviations: FAM, famotidine; QRT, quercetin.

Figure 5 Histological evaluation of stomach tissues from indomethacin-induced ulcer model in rats of hematoxylin and eosin staining of gastric mucosa (magnification ×100).

Notes: (A) Normal control; (B) disease control group; (C) commercial FAM; (D) FAM beads; (E) FAM beads plus QRT–PVP.
Abbreviations: FAM, famotidine; PVP, polyvinyl pyrrolidone; QRT, quercetin.

Table 1 Effects of different treatments on the level of GSH and various enzymes in different experimental groups

Group	GSH (nM/mg)	LPO (MDA level nM/g)	MPO (μM/min/mg)	SOD (mM/min/mg)	CAT (mM/min/mg)
1	4.65±0.08	21.81±0.35	41.55±0.62	47.76±0.86	232.40±2.88
2	1.06±0.03	48.56±0.81	74.06±0.66	22.92±0.64	103.40±2.13
3	2.43±0.02	37.36±0.82	59.46±0.46	30.70±0.68	166.55±3.47
4	3.48±0.03	27.43±0.68	48.21±0.57	39.45±0.71	206.58±4.16
5	4.11±0.07	22.28±0.34	42.43±0.59	45.79±0.39	225.28±2.95

Note: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: CAT, catalase; GSH, gastric glutathione; LPO, lipid peroxidation; MPO, tissue myeloperoxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase.