Patient Safety Culture and Associated Factors Among Health-Care Providers in the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants, 2020 (N= 530)*

Variables	Frequency (n)	Percent (%)
Gender
Female	196	37.0
Male	334	63.0
Age(years)
≤ 29	345	65.1
30–34	115	21.7
≥ 35	70	13.2
Marital status
Single	309	58.3
Married	192	36.2
Divorced/Widowed	29	5.5
Educational status
Diploma	22	4.2
Bachelor degree	305	57.5
Masters degree	52	9.8
General practitioner	82	15.5
Resident doctor	51	9.6
Specialized doctor	18	3.4
Work experience (years)
≤ 5	377	71.1
6–10	121	22.8
≥ 11	32	6.1
Profession
Nurse	215	40.5
Physician	156	29.4
Midwife	64	12.1
Laboratory technician	28	5.3
Pharmacist	29	5.5
Anesthetist	12	2.3
Psychiatrist	10	1.9
Others*	16	3.0

Notes: Others*: radiography technician, optometry and physiotherapist.

Table 2 Patient Safety Culture Composite Level Results (N= 530)

Patient Safety Culture Dimensions	Number of Items	Cronbach’s Alptha	Average Positive Responses	Standard Deviation
Teamwork within the unit	4	0.88	75%(69–82)	1.51
Supervisor/Manager Expectations & Actions Promoting Patient Safety	4	0.90	47%(27–54)	1.40
Organizational Learning-Continuous Improvement	3	0.776	65.3%(46–83)	1.39
Management support for patient safety	3	0.83	30.6%(18–52)	1.48
The overall perception of patient safety	4	0.711	46.5%(31–56)	1.63
Feedback & communication about error	3	0.826	27%(17–37)	1.63
Communication openness	3	0.836	43%(32–49)	1.49
Frequency of events reported	3	0.722	29.6%(26–34)	1.71
Teamwork across unit	4	0.70	38.2%(33–42)	2.12
Staffing	4	0.761	47.5%(27–66)	1.49
Handoffs and transitions	4	0.788	44.2%(34–53)	2.12
Non punitive response to an error	3	0.751	48.6%(39–55)	1.51
The overall level of patient safety culture	42	0.849	45.3%	0.36

Table 3 Adjusted Variables Associated with Patient Safety Culture (Multivariable Linear Regression Analysis) (n=530)

Variables	No. (%)		Unstand. Coeff. (β)	SE				95% CI for β
Sex
Male^a	334 (63.0)		0
Female	196 (37.6)		4.314	1.320				(1.720, 6.907)*
Marital status
Single^a	309 (58.3)		0
Married	192 (36.2)		0.378	1.372				(−2.318, 3.075)
Divorced/widowed	29 (5.5)		−5.735	2.738				(−11.115, −0.355)*
Educational status
Bachelor degree^a	305 (57.5)		0
Diploma	22 (4.2)		−5.442	3.105				(−11.543, 0.659)
Masters degree	52 (9.8)		5.283	2.106				(1.146, 9.420)*
General practitioner	82 (15.5)		−7.496	6.022				(−19.328, 4.337)
Resident doctor	51 (9.6)		−9.343	6.282				(−21.685, 2.999)
Specialized doctor	18 (3.4)		−10.041	6.797				(−23.394,3.313)
Work experience
≤ 5^a	377 (71.1)		0
6–10	121 (22.8)		−0.368	1.821				(−3.945, 3.210)
≥11	32 (6.1)		−1.192	2.601				(−6.303, 3.919)
Profession
Nurse^a	215 (40.5)		0
Physician	156 (29.4)		1.514	5.986				(−10.248, 13.275)
Midwives	64 (12.1)		−13.091	2.779				(−18.550, −7.631)**
Anesthetist	12 (2.3)		−8.493	4.092				(−16.533, −0.452)*
Psychiatrist	10 (1.9)		−1.892	5.248				(−12.204, 8.420)
Pharmacist	29 (5.5)		−10.006	3.181				(−16.256, 3.756)
Laboratory technician	28 (5.3)		0.805	3.156				(−5.395, 7.006)
Others	16 (3.0)		−7.339	3.991				(−15.179, 0.502)
Work department
Surgery^a	94 (17.7)		0
Many different department	31 (5.8)		4.689	2.979				(−1.165, 10.543)
Medicine	80 (15.1)		−6.305	2.157				(−10.543, −2.067)*
Delivery	87 (16.4)		3.024	2.719				(−2.318, 8.367)
Pediatrics	70 (13.2)		−5.341	2.158				(−9.582, −1.100)*
Emergency	35 (6.6)		−8.183	2.673				(−13.434, −2.932)*
Outpatient department	40 (7.6)		−6.690	2.674				(−11.943, −1.437)*
Laboratory	28 (5.3)		0.805	3.156				(−5.395, 7.006)
Pharmacy	29 (5.5)		−10.006	3.181				(−16.256, −3.756)*
Others	36 (6.8)		−0.401	3.437				(−7.153, 6.352)
Direct contact with the patients
Yes^a	443 (83.6)		0
No	87 (16.4)		−10.325	1.648				(−13.562, −7.088)**
Participation in the patient safety program
No^a	435 (82.1)		0
Yes	95 (17.9)		4.121	1.552				(1.072, 7.170)*
Adverse event report
No^a	158 (29.8)		0
Yes	372 (70.2)		4.318	1.261				(1.840, 6.796)*
Hospital management encourage reporting of an adverse event
No^a	369 (69.6)		0
Yes	161 (30.4)		6.037	1.342				(3.401, 8.673*
Hospital management blame when medical errors happened
No^a	240 (45.3)		0
Yes	290 (54.7)		−4.522	1.272				(−7.020,-2.023)**
Hours worked per week	530 (100)		−0.042	0.030				(−0.100, 0.016)
Get necessary equipment/ materials timely at the time of giving care
No ^a	479 (90.4)		0
Yes	51 (9.6)		5.027	2.090				(0.921, 9.132)*

Notes: ^aReference group, *P-value <0.05, **P-value < 0.001.

Abbreviation: No, number.