Different consecutive training protocols to design an intervention program for overweight youth: a controlled study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study design.

Abbreviation: HRR, heart rate reserve.

Figure 2 Flowchart of the intervention program.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 1 Results obtained by the three groups in the pre, intermediate and post assessments

		MRT	HRT	AT
		Means (SD)	Means (SD)	Means (SD)
Anthropometric measures
Weight (kg)	Pre	69.18 (18.72)	68.51 (13.15)	68.32 (14.05)
	Intermediate	70.04 (16.70)	70.47 (11.37)	68.50 (13.62)
	Post	71.25 (15.46)	72.24 (11.39)	70.00 (11.42)
Height (m)	Pre	1.57 (0.09)a	1.56 (0.08)a	1.59 (0.07)
	Intermediate	1.59 (0.10)	1.58 (0.07)a	1.60 (0.07)
	Post	1.61 (0.07)b	1.60 (0.05)b,c	1.62 (0.06)
BMI (kg⋅m^−2)	Pre	27.81 (5.41)	27.48 (3.59)	26.93 (3.92)
	Intermediate	27.54 (4.23)	28.58 (4.67)	27.57 (4.39)
	Post	26.96 (3.85)	27.84 (1.48)	26.45 (3.44)
Waist circumference (cm)	Pre	84.20 (9.67)	88.21 (9.61)	88.54 (10.89)
	Intermediate	83.35 (8.97)	83.75 (9.1)	88.38 (10.85)
	Post	83.23 (7.97)	83.64 (6.39)	85.40 (11.97)
WHR	Pre	0.81 (0.05)	0.88 (0.09)	0.89 (0.07)
	Intermediate	0.84 (0.10)	0.86 (0.08)	0.89 (0.07)
	Post	0.84 (0.09)	0.87 (0.09)	0.87 (0.12)
Body composition
%FM	Pre	34.07 (6.70)a,c	33.33 (7.29)a,c	32.92 (6.42)
	Intermediate	31.11 (5.00)b	30.92 (6.04)b	33.50 (6.23)
	Post	29.41 (3.52)b	30.28 (3.39)b	32.56 (5.41)
FFM (kg)	Pre	46.80 (10.05)	45.31 (8.55)a	45.78 (10.59)
	Intermediate	45.77 (11.81)a	48.40 (8.01)	46.45 (10.6)
	Post	49.92 (8.16)c	49.83 (5.87)b	48.66 (8.61)
Physical fitness test
Flamingo Balance Test (seconds)	Pre	7.83 (2.98)a,c	7.50 (2.71)a,c	7.25 (2.77)
	Intermediate	3.23 (3.19)b,*	3.30 (2.45)b,*	8.08 (2.78)a
	Post	2.36 (2.98)b,*	3.00 (2.42)b,*	5.70 (2.63)c
Shuttle Test (seconds)	Pre	25.36 (2.49)a	25.05 (2.53)a	26.17 (1.66)
	Intermediate	24.06 (3.46)*	23.10 (1.46)*	27.41 (2.54)a
	Post	22.44 (2.57)b,*	22.43 (1.00)b,*	24.9 (1.08)c
Abdominal Curl Test (repetitions in 60 seconds)	Pre	18.88 (4.9)a	19.79 (8.86)a	19.33 (5.26)
	Intermediate	19.85 (2.95)a	20.00 (2.51)a	19.83 (5.75)
	Post	23.45 (3.59)b,c	25.86 (2.89)b,c	21.80 (5.09)
Sit and Reach Test (cm)	Pre	12.92 (5.91)	10.86 (4.31)	12.00 (4.66)
	Intermediate	15.60 (5.34)	14.57 (3.29)	12.33 (3.95)
	Post	16.14 (6.10)	14.79 (2.87)	12.65 (3.54)
VO2max (mL O2·kg^−1·min^−1)	Pre	31.40 (3.63)a	30.21 (3.02)a	31.50 (2.15)
	Intermediate	32.47 (3.43)	31.36 (3.39)	31.53 (1.98)
	Post	34.23 (3.20)b,*	33.36 (3.27)b,*	32.52 (2.54)b

Notes:

a Significant p-value in the comparison vs. post score.

b Significant p-value in the comparison vs. pre score.

c Significant p-value in the comparison vs. intermediate score.

* Significant p-value in the comparison vs. AT.

Abbreviations: MRT, moderate-resistance training; HRT, high-resistance training; AT, aerobic training; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist–hip ratio; %FM, percentage of fat mass; FFM, free fat mass.

Table 2 Sample description

Group	Age (years)	Weight (kg)	Height (m)	BMI (kg⋅m^−2)	Fat mass (%)
MRT	12.73 ± 0.70	69.18 ± 18.72	1.57 ± 0.09	27.81 ± 5.41	34.07 ± 6.70
HRT	12.21 ± 0.43	68.51 ± 13.15	1.56 ± 0.08	27.48 ± 3.59	33.33 ± 7.29
AT	12.67 ± 0.65	68.32 ± 14.05	1.59 ± 0.07	26.93 ± 3.92	32.92 ± 6.42
Total	12.54 ± 0.64	68.59 ± 15.45	1.57 ± 0.08	27.25 ± 4.51	33.48 ± 6.67

Note: The three groups were homogeneous at baseline.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MRT, moderate-resistance training; HRT, high-resistance training; AT, aerobic training.

Table 3 Differences between follow-up scores compared to pre and post scores

Group	MRT		HRT		AT
Category	POS-CON	NEG-CON	POS-CON	NEG-CON	POS-CON	NEG-CON
Numerosity	10	5	10	4	3	9
Significance	Chi^2 = 4.64; p = 0.031*		Chi^2 = 5.57; p = 0.018*
Comparison with the pre assessments
Weight (kg)	−5.4	+3.1	−6,0	+2.9	−2.4	+3.1
BMI (kg⋅m^−2)	−2.6	+2.8	−1.9	+1.1	−1.3	+1.6
%FM	−4.8	+1.8	−5.4	+2.2	−2.3	+0.5
FFM (kg)	+4.7	−0.8	+5.1	−1.7	+1.2	−0.6
Comparison with the post assessments
Weight (kg)	−5.2	+1.9	−6.3	+1.7	−2,9	+2.2
BMI (kg⋅m^−2)	−1.5	+3.3	−1.7	+2.6	−1.1	+2.1
%FM	−0.7	+6.3	−2.7	+5.6	−2.2	+2.2
FFM (kg)	+1.9	−3.2	+1.1	−4.4	+0.4	−3.3

Notes: POS-CON (positive continuer): participants who continued to perform physical activities after the end of the study; NEG-CON (negative continuer): participants who did not continue to perform physical activities after the end of the study.

* Statistically significant in comparison with AT.

Abbreviations: MRT, moderate-resistance training; HRT, high-resistance training; AT, aerobic training; BMI, body mass index; %FM, percentage of fat mass; FFM, free fat mass.