Adjunctive therapy for glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Summary of clinical trials for pramlintide in patients with T1DM

Study	Duration (weeks)	Number of patients	Pramlintide regimen	Results
Whitehouse et al,^Citation9 2002	52	480	Placebo 30–60 mcg QID	A1c reduction Weight loss
Ratner et al,^Citation10 2004	52	651	Placebo 60 mcg TID 60 mcg QID 90 mcg TID	A1c reduction Weight loss
Ratner et al,^Citation11 2005	26	477	Placebo 30–60 mcg TID or QID	A1c reduction Weight loss Decrease in insulin use
Edelman et al,^Citation12 2006	29	296	Placebo 15–60 mcg TID–QID	Same A1c reduction in both placebo and pramlintide Reduction in postprandial excursions Weight loss Decrease in insulin use
Levetan et al,^Citation14 2003	6	18	30 mcg TID	Decrease in hyperglycemia and increase in euglycemia Decrease in insulin use

Abbreviations: T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; TID, 3 times daily; QID, 4 times daily; A1c, hemoglobin A1c.

Table 2 Summary of randomized, controlled clinical trials with GLP-1 RAs in T1DM

Study	Number of patient	Study duration, weeks	Mean duration of diabetes, years	Treatment groups	Change in A1c (%)	Change in insulin dose	Change in body weight (kg)
Kielgast et al,^Citation46 2011	39	4	3.7 17.3 23.1	C-peptide pos + liraglutide 1.2 mg daily C-peptide neg + liraglutide 1.2 mg daily C-peptide neg + insulin alone	−0.26 −0.47 −0.18	−0.194 units/kg −0.13 units/kg +0.017 units/kg	−2.3 −2.3 +0.2
Frandsen et al,^Citation48 2015	40	12	18.3 19.5	Liraglutide 1.2 mg daily Placebo	−0.6 −0.5	NR	−3.1 +1.1
Kuhadiya et al,^Citation47 2016	72	12	30 25 21 20	Placebo Liraglutide 0.6 mg daily Liraglutide 1.2 mg daily Liraglutide 1.8 mg daily	−0.3 −0.26 −0.78 −0.42	−1.9 units −2.8 units −12.1 units −10.0 units	0 −3.0 −5.0 −5.0
Dejgaard et al,^Citation52 2016	100	24	20 25	Liraglutide 1.8 mg daily Placebo	−0.5 −0.3	+4.1 units +13.4 units	−5.9 +0.2
Mathieu et al,^Citation49 2016	1398	52	20.9 21.6 21.5 21.6	Liraglutide 0.6 mg daily Liraglutide 1.2 mg daily Liraglutide 1.8 mg daily Placebo	−0.43 −0.49 −0.54 −0.34	+4% −2% −5% +4%	−1.3 −2.7 −4.0 +0.9
Ahren et al,^Citation50 2016	835	26	21 21.1 21.4 20.7	Liraglutide 0.6 mg daily Liraglutide 1.2 mg daily Liraglutide 1.8 mg daily Placebo	−0.24 −0.23 −0.35 +0.01	NR NR NR NR	−2.5 −4.0 −5.1 −0.2

Abbreviations: A1c, hemoglobin A1c; GLP-1 RAs, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; neg, negative; NR, not reported; pos, positive; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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