Serum trace elements in insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes: a comparative study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics of participants

Characteristics	IDDM n=40	NIDDM n=60	Control n=50	P-value
Age, years	45±1.7	46±3.6	45±2.4	0.11a
Gender (male, female)	(27, 13)	(34, 26)	(30, 20)
BMI, kg/cm^2	23±3.3	27±4.7*	23±2.4	<0.001a
Normal, 18.5–24.9 (%)	37 (92.5)	20 (33.3)	43 (86)
Overweight, 25–29.5 (%)	3 (7.5)	33 (55.0)	7 (14)	<0.001b
Obese, >30 (%)	0 (0)	7 (11.7)	0 (0)
Waist circumference, cm	80.6±24.9	86.1±24.2	81.1±22.4	0.42a
≤90 (%)	38 (95)	22 (36.7)	45 (90)
>90 (%)	2 (5)	38 (63.3)	5 (10)	<0.01b
Period of diabetes, years	23.5±7.1*	5.8±1.8	–	<0.001c

Notes:

* P<0.001.

a ANOVA P-value;

b Fisher’s exact P-value;

c t-test value.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Fasting glucose, glycemic control and lipid profiles of participants

Parameters	IDDM n=40	NIDDM n=60	Control n=50	P-value
FBG, mmol/L	9.1±2.6*	8.8±1.7*	4.7±1.3	>0.001a
HbA1c %	8.3±3.1*	8.1±3.7*	5.1±1.1	>0.001a
≤6%, n (%)	18 (45)	31 (51.7)	50 (100)	0.42b
>6%, n (%)	22 (55)	29 (48.3)	0 (0)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.3±1.1*	4.1±2.3*	3.2±0.7	0.002a
≤6.2 mmol/L, n (%)	27 (67.5)	45 (75)	48 (96)	0.0016b
>6.2 mmol/L, n (%)	13 (32.5)	15 (25)	2 (4)
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.5±0.4*	1.6±0.6*	1.0±0.3	>0.001a
≤2.2 mmol/L, n (%)	29 (72.5)	47 (78.3)	49 (98)	0.002b
>2.2 mmol/L, n (%)	11 (27.5)	13 (21.7)	1 (2)
LDL (mmol/L)	2.9±0.4*	3.1±0.7*	1.8±0.2	>0.001a
≤4.1 mmol/L, n (%)	26 (65)	38 (63.3)	47 (94)	0.0004b
>4.1 mmol/L, n (%)	14 (35)	22 (36.7)	3 (6)
HDL (mmol/L)	1.5±0.5*	1.5±0.2*	2.6±0.2	>0.001a
>1.0 mmol/L, n (%)	29 (72.5)	41 (68.3)	45 (90)	0.02b
≤1.0 mmol/L, n (%)	11 (27.5)	19 (31.7)	5 (10)

Notes:

* P<0.05.

a ANOVA P-value;

b Fisher’s exact/chi-squared test P-value.

Abbreviations: FBG, fasting blood glucose; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Levels of serum trace elements

Characteristics	IDDM n=40	NIDDM n=60	Control n=50
Zinc (Zn), µmol/L	10±1.8*	12±1.7a	16.1±2.3
Magnesium (Mg), mmol/L	0.72±0.2a	0.72±0.4a	0.91±0.2
Manganese (Mn), µg/L	0.25±0.2	0.25±0.2	0.26±0.1
Copper (Cu), µg/dL	140.7±16.7a	141.1±21.3a	152.3±17.4
Sodium (Na), mmol/L	141.3±22.5	139.4±16.9	140.1±18.4
Potassium (K), mmol/L	3.4±2.5	3.9±1.2	4.1±0.6
Iron (Fe), µmol/L	22.6±6.4	23.3±6.1	24.6±5.8
Calcium (Ca), mmol/L	2.31±0.4	2.36±0.2	2.4±0.5
Chromium (Cr), µg/L	1.4±1.1*	1.9±1.2a	2.5±0.9
Selenium (Se), µg/L	134±13.5	134±14.6	138±10.4

Note:

* P<0.01;

a P<0.05.

Abbreviations: IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Table 4 Correlations between the serum levels of trace elements and (BMI, FBG and HbA1c) of both diabetic groups and control healthy subjects

Elements	IDDM				NIDDM				Control
	BMI kg/cm^2	FBG mmol/L	HbA1c %	BMI kg/cm^2		FBG mmol/L	HbA1c %	BMI kg/cm^2		FBG mmol/L	HbA1c %
Zn	−0.160	−0.41*	−0.36*	−0.08		−0.22	−0.39*	−0.12		−0.03	−0.01
Mg	−0.17	−0.19	−0.30*	−0.03		−0.08	−0.29*	−0.04		−0.01	−0.01
Mn	−0.08	−0.08	−0.01	−0.07		−0.11	−0.02	−0.01		0.01	0.02
Cu	−0.02	0.09	0.02	−0.05		−0.07	−0.11	−0.01		0.02	0.03
Na	−0.01	0.04	0.03	−0.01		0.06	−0.04	−0.02		0.03	0.07
K	0.03	0.03	0.08	0.03		0.04	0.09	0.04		0.02	0.02
Fe	0.01	0.02	0.04	0.01		0.01	0.02	0.01		0.06	0.03
Ca	−0.01	0.03	0.03	−0.02		0.02	0.03	−0.05		0.05	0.02
Cr	−0.06	0.18	−0.03	−17		0.03	−0.02	−0.01		0.01	0.04
Se	0.03	0.01	0.03	0.05		0.04	0.02	−0.12		0.02	0.06

Note:

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.