The Epidemic Of The Metabolic Syndrome Among The Palestinians In The Gaza Strip

Figures & data

Table 1 The Characteristics Of The Study Participants With And Without Metabolic Syndrome

Variables	Whole Population n=2107	MetS n=864 (41%)	No MetS n=1243 (59%)	P-value
Age, years	47.17±14.3	53.2±12.7	42.9±13.9	<0.001
Women, n (%)	1067(50.6)	532 (49.9)	535 (50.1)	<0.001
Areas
Urban, n (%)	752(35.6)	318 (36.8)	433 (34.8)	0.623
Rural, n (%)	493(23.4)	196 (22.7)	297(23.9)
Camp, n (%)	863(41.0)	350 (40.5)	513 (41.3)
Education level*
Primary education, n (%)	324(15.4)	180 (20.8)	144 (11.6)	<0.001
Secondary + High school, n (%)	1082(51.4)	461 (53.4)	621 (50.0)
University + Post graduate, n (%)	701(33.3)	223 (25.8)	478 (38.5)
Physical activity
Low, n (%), n (%)	1015(48.2)	502 (58.1)	513 (41.3)	<0.001
Moderate, n (%)	657(31.2)	233 (27.0)	424 (34.1)
High, n (%)	435(20.6)	129 (14.9)	306 (24.6)
Income
<300$, n (%)	1326(62.9)	574 (66.4)	752 (60.5)	0.006
≥300$, n (%)	781(371)	290 (33.6)	491 (39.5)
Marital status*
Single, n (%)	161(7.6)	28 (3.2)	133 (10.7)	<0.001
Married	1792(85)	740 (85.6)	1052 (84.6)
Divorced or widow, n (%)	154(7.3)	96 (11.1)	58 (4.7)
Body mass index
Normal (18.5–25.9 kg/m^2), n (%)	419(19.9)	18 (2.1)	401 (32.2)	<0.001
Overweight (25.9–29.9 kg/m^2), n (%)	691(32.8)	215 (24.9)	476 (38.3)
Obese ≥(30 kg/m^2), n (%)	997(47.3)	631(73.0)	366 (29.4)
CVD risk factors
Hypertension, n (%)	592(28.1)	431 (49.9)	161 (13.0)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	390(18.5)	318 (36.8)	72 (5.8)	<0.001
Current smoking, n (%)	489(23.2)	138 (16)	351 (28.2)	<0.001
Lipids profiles
Total Cholesterol ≥ 240 (mg/dL), n (%)	178(8.4)	100 (11.6)	78 (6.3)	<0.001
Low HDL cholesterol, n (%)	178(8.4)	748 (88.6)	726 (58.4)	<0.001
LDL cholesterol level ≥160, n (%)	1474(70.0)	90 (10.5)	77 (6.2)	<0.001
Triglycerides level ≥150, n (%)	833(39.5)	591 (68.4)	242 (19.5)	<0.001
CVD comorbidities
CAD, n (%)	170(8.1)	104 (12.0)	66 (5.3)	<0.001
Stroke, n (%)	63(3.0)	37(4.3)	26 (2.1)	0.004
LEAD (ABI<0.90), n (%)	274(13.0)	134 (15.5)	140 (11.3)	0.004
Medications use
Statins, n (%)	226(10.7)	176 (20.4)	50 (4.0)	<0.001
Aspirin, n (%)	498(23.6)	318 (36.8)	180 (14.5)	<0.001

Notes: Education status*: primary level (0–6 years), secondary level (7–12), and high level >12 years. Marital status*: single. married and divorced or widow.

Figure 1 Metabolic syndrome according to gender and stratified by age group.

Figure 2 Frequency of each component of metabolic syndrome by gender.

Table 2 Association Of CAD, Stroke And LEAD With Each Components Of Metabolic Syndrome

Components Of MetS	CAD		Stroke		LEAD
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Central obesity	1.0 (0.66–1.45)	0.916	1.2 (0.61–2.19)	0.643	0.8 (0.60–1.15)	0.256
High BP	2.0 (1.43–2.90)	<0.001	3.8 (2.01–7.31)	<0.001	2.0 (1.51–2.65)	<0.001
High triglyceride	2.7 (1.92–3.91)	<0.001	3.7 (2.00–6.72)	<0.001	0.9 (0.68–1.16)	0.386
Low HDL-C	2.9 (1.78–4.55)	<0.001	1.5 (0.78–2.72)	0.241	0.9 (0.66–1.14)	0.305
Hyperglycemia	2.4 (1.67–3.33)	<0.001	4.1 (2.32–6.78)	<0.001	1.4 (0.98–1.85)	0.06

Note: Each Logistic regression model was adjusted for age and gender.

Abbreviations: BP, Blood pressure; CAD, Coronary artery disease; CI, confidence interval; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LEAD, Lower extremity artery disease; OR, odd-ratio.

Table 3 Independent Factors Associated With Metabolic Syndrome In Males

Variables	Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis
	OR 95% CI	P-value	OR 95% CI	P-value
Age (years)	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	<0.001	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	<0.001
Current smoker	1.5 (1.14–1.94)	0.004
Income	1.1 (0.85–1.45)	0.425
Marital status
Single	Ref.		Ref.
Married	5.2 (2.34–11.31)	<0.001	2.3 (1.04–5.37)	0.039
Divorced or widow	6.8 (1.86–24.6)	0.004
Education
Education low	1.2 (0.76–1.78)	0.485
Secondary	1.2 (0.93–1.64)	0.137
High	Ref.
Physical activity
Low	2.3 (1.61–3.39)	<0.001	1.7 (1.14–2.47)	0.009
Moderate	1.6 (1.1–2.3)	0.017
High	Ref.		Ref.
Hypertension history	5.1 (3.76–6.80)	<0.001
Diabetes history	7.1 (4.98–10.04)	<0.001
Cardiovascular diseases
CAD	2.1 (1.32–3.02)	<0.001
Stroke	1.8 (0.93–3.62)	0.079
LEAD	1.3 (0.84–1.92)	0.259

Note: Multivariate analysis: adjusted for: Age, smoking, marital status, education level, physical activity.

Table 4 Independent Factors Associated With Metabolic Syndrome In Females

Variables	Univariate Analysis		Multivariate Analysis
	OR 95% CI	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age	1.07 (1.06–1.09)	<0.001	1.07 (1.06–1.08)	<0.001
Current smoker	0.9 (0.39–1.87)	0.859
Income in $	1.3 (1.02–1.71)	0.004
Marital status
Single	Ref.		Ref.
Married	2.9 (1.8–4.9)	<0.001	1.9 (1.05–3.34)	0.04
Divorced or widow	5.4 (3.1–10.1)	<0.001
Education level
Education low	4.4 (3.1–6.5)	<0.001
Secondary	1.8 (1.4–2.4)	<0.001
High	Ref.
Physical activity
Low	2.1 (1.4–2.8)	<0.001	1.4 (0.97–1.97)	0.075
Moderate	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	0.283
High	Ref.		Ref.
HTN history	9.9 (7.05–13.77)	<0.001
Diabetes history	19.4 (11.3–33.4)	<0.001
Cardiovascular diseases
CAD	5.2 (2.82–9.97)	<0.001
Stroke	3.1 (1.31–7.41)	0.010
LEAD	1.4 (1.05–1.96)	0.048

Note: Multivariate analysis: adjusted for: Age, smoking, marital status, education level, physical activity.