Ambient air pollution exposure and obesity-related traits in Korean adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants (N=5,114)

	Total (=5,114)
	Mean (SD) or N (%)
Age (years)	53.5 (9.2)
Sex (Men)	3,625 (70.9)
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.2 (3.0)
WC (cm)	86.7 (8.7)
PBF (%)	24.83 (6.0)
Adiposity measure
TAT (cm^2)	271.7 (98.4)
VAT (cm^2)	121.8 (58.1)
SAT (cm^2)	149.9 (61.3)
Alcohol
Never	1,646 (32.2)
Former	348 (6.8)
Current	3,118 (61.0)
Smoking
Never	2,176 (42.6)
Former	1,649 (32.3)
Current	1,285 (25.2)
Physical activity
No	2,870 (56.1)
Yes	2,244 (43.9)
Hypertension (yes)	1,874 (36.7)
Diabetes (yes)	665 (13.0)
Hyperlipidemia (yes)	1,185 (23.2)
PM10 (μg/m^3)
Mean (SD)	49.5 (7.9)
IQR	10.0
NO2 (ppb)
Mean (SD)	30.3 (12.5)
IQR	14.0

Notes: Data are presented as mean (SD) for continuous variables, or number (%) for categorical variables.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; PBF, percent body fat; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; PM₁₀, particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; IQR, interquartile range.

Table 2 Simple correlations between demographic characteristics and the degree of obesity

	Obesity-related parameters
	BMI (kg/m^2)		WC (cm)		PBF (%)		TAT (cm^2)		VAT (cm^2)		SAT (cm^2)
	Mean (SD)	P	Mean (SD)	P	Mean (SD)	P	Mean (SD)	P	Mean (SD)	P	Mean (SD)	P
Age (years)		0.001		0.517		<0.000		0.010		<0.000		0.3641
<50	24.4 (3.1)		86.6 (9.0)		23.2 (5.5)		268.3 (102.6)		116.9 (58.1)		151.4 (62.2)
50–65	24.3 (2.9)		86.7 (8.3)		25.3 (5.9)		271.4 (94.3)		122.6 (56.5)		148.8 (60.5)
≥65	23.8 (3.2)		87.1 (9.3)		27.1 (8.2)		282.4 (105.5)		131.2 (64.2)		151.1 (62.5)
Sex		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		0.632		<0.000		<0.000
Men	24.6 (2.9)		88.4 (8.0)		22.5 (4.9)		272.2 (98.9)		134.2 (58.3)		138.0 (55.1)
Women	23.4 (3.2)		82.6 (8.9)		30.4 (4.8)		270.7 (97.3)		91.8 (45.2)		178.9 (65.7)
Alcohol		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		0.024		<0.000		<0.000
Never	23.9 (3.2)		85.0 (9.1)		27.4 (6.4)		269.9 (100.0)		107.4 (53.6)		162.6 (66.2)
Former	24.0 (3.2)		86.2 (9.4)		23.7 (6.2)		259.7 (104.3)		115.3 (58.1)		144.4 (65.6)
Current	24.4 (2.8)		87.7 (8.2)		23.6 (5.4)		274.0 (96.8)		130.2 (58.8)		143.9 (57.0)
Smoking		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		0.339		<0.000		<0.000
Never	23.9 (3.1)		84.6 (8.9)		27.5 (6.3)		269.4 (98.2)		105.0 (53.0)		164.4 (65.4)
Former	24.5 (2.7)		88.3 (7.8)		23.0 (4.9)		273.7 (96.0)		135.9 (58.7)		137.8 (52.7)
Current	24.5 (3.1)		88.1 (8.5)		22.7 (5.1)		273.2 (101.9)		132.2 (58.4)		141.0 (59.3)
Physical activity		0.356		0.514		<0.000		<0.000		0.101		<0.000
No	24.2 (3.1)		86.8 (9.0)		25.6 (6.1)		276.7 (100.2)		123.0 (59.7)		153.7 (62.2)
Yes	24.3 (2.9)		86.6 (8.2)		23.9 (5.8)		265.4 (95.8)		120.3 (56.0)		145.1 (59.7)
Hypertension		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000
No	23.7 (2.8)		85.1 (8.3)		24.1 (5.9)		254.3 (92.9)		110.8 (53.8)		143.5 (58.8)
Yes	25.2 (3.1)		89.5 (8.6)		26.1 (6.0)		301.8 (100.6)		140.9 (60.4)		160.9 (63.9)
Diabetes		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		0.445
No	24.1 (3.0)		86.2 (8.6)		24.7 (6.0)		267.7 (96.5)		118.1 (56.4)		149.7 (60.8)
Yes	25.0 (3.2)		89.8 (8.8)		25.7 (6.2)		298.5 (106.6)		146.9 (62.9)		151.6 (64.4)
Dyslipidemia		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000		<0.000
No	24.1 (3.0)		86.3 (8.8)		24.3 (6.0)		263.7 (98)		117.2 (57.2)		146.5 (60.5)
Yes	24.7 (2.8)		88.1 (8.1)		26.5 (5.7)		298.2 (95.3)		137.1 (58.4)		161.1 (62.6)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; PBF, percent body fat; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Table 3 Estimated associations of IQR increases in annual average air pollution and obesity scales

	Unadjusted		Model 1^a		Model 2^b
	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P
PM10 (μg/m^3)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.06 (−0.16, 0.04)	0.262	−0.04 (−0.15, 0.06)	0.417	−0.07 (−0.17, 0.03)	0.194
WC (cm)	0.10 (−0.20, 0.40)	0.514	0.21 (−0.08, 0.49)	0.156	0.10 (−0.18, 0.38)	0.471
PBF (%)	0.23 (0.02, 0.44)	0.029	0.12 (−0.05, 0.29)	0.155	0.06 (−0.10, 0.23)	0.462
TAT (cm^2)	1.7 (−1.73, 5.13)	0.331	1.81 (−1.61, 5.24)	0.300	0.69 (−2.64, 4.02)	0.686
VAT (cm^2)	1.05 (−0.97, 3.07)	0.308	1.92 (0.04, 3.80)	0.045	1.30 (−0.51, 3.11)	0.161
SAT (cm^2)	0.65 (−1.49, 2.79)	0.552	−0.11 (−2.14, 1.92)	0.918	−0.61 (−2.62, 1.40)	0.551
NO2 (ppb)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.01 (−0.10, 0.09)	0.868	−0.03 (−0.12, 0.06)	0.525	−0.02 (−0.11, 0.07)	0.671
WC (cm)	0.02 (−0.25, 0.29)	0.863	−0.04 (−0.29, 0.22)	0.787	0.00 (−0.25, 0.24)	0.971
PBF (%)	−0.09 (−0.28, 0.10)	0.338	0.09 (−0.06, 0.24)	0.243	0.10 (−0.04, 0.25)	0.165
TAT (cm^2)	2.07 (−0.98, 5.12)	0.183	2.33 (−0.72, 5.39)	0.135	2.59 (−0.36, 5.53)	0.085
VAT (cm^2)	1.38 (−0.41, 3.18)	0.131	1.19 (−0.48, 2.87)	0.164	1.33 (−0.28, 2.93)	0.105
SAT (cm^2)	0.69 (−1.21, 2.59)	0.479	1.14 (−0.67, 2.95)	0.217	1.26 (−0.51, 3.04)	0.164

Notes: The beta coefficiency and 95% CI of each air pollutant was scaled to the interquartile range (IQR) for each pollutant, respectively (10.0 μg/m³ for PM₁₀ and 14.0 ppb for NO₂). ^aModel 1 was adjusted for age and sex. ^bModel 2 included age, sex, smoking status (never-, former-, or current-smoker), alcohol consumption (never-, former-, or current-drinker), physical activity (yes or no), hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia as covariate in model.

Abbreviations: PM₁₀, particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; PBF, percent body fat; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Table 4 Estimated associations of IQR increases in annual average air pollution and obesity scales by sex

	Unadjusted		Model 1^a		Model 2^b
	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P
Men (N=3 625)
PM10 (μg/m^3)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.02 (−0.15, 0.10)	0.706	−0.03 (−0.15, 0.09)	0.597	−0.05 (−0.17, 0.07)	0.404
WC (cm)	−0.01 (−0.35, 0.33)	0.954	−0.01 (−0.35, 0.33)	0.959	−0.10 (−0.43, 0.23)	0.556
PBF (%)	0.09 (−0.12, 0.30)	0.411	0.10 (−0.11, 0.31)	0.346	0.04 (−0.16, 0.25)	0.689
TAT (cm^2)	1.54 (−2.68, 5.76)	0.475	−0.52 (−2.84, 1.81)	0.662	0.28 (−3.80, 4.35)	0.895
VAT (cm^2)	1.72 (−0.76, 4.21)	0.175	1.45 (−2.77, 5.67)	0.501	1.29 (−1.08, 3.67)	0.286
SAT (cm^2)	−0.18 (−2.54, 2.17)	0.878	1.97 (−0.51, 4.44)	0.119	−1.02 (−3.31, 1.27)	0.384
NO2 (ppb)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.01 (−0.12, 0.09)	0.830	−0.03 (−0.14, 0.07)	0.514	−0.02 (−0.13, 0.08)	0.643
WC (cm)	−0.09 (−0.38, 0.20)	0.544	−0.09 (−0.38, 0.21)	0.556	−0.06 (−0.34, 0.23)	0.702
PBF (%)	0.07 (−0.11, 0.24)	0.479	0.10 (−0.08, 0.28)	0.289	0.11 (−0.06, 0.29)	0.199
TAT (cm^2)	2.31 (−1.32, 5.94)	0.212	2.10 (−1.54, 5.75)	0.258	2.43 (−1.07, 5.94)	0.173
VAT (cm^2)	0.35 (−1.79, 2.49)	0.749	0.96 (−1.17, 3.10)	0.376	1.16 (−0.88, 3.19)	0.266
SAT (cm^2)	1.96 (−0.06, 3.98)	0.057	1.14 (−0.86, 3.14)	0.265	1.28 (−0.69, 3.24)	0.203
Women (N=1 489)
PM10 (μg/m^3)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.08 (−0.27, 0.11)	0.419	−0.09 (−0.28, 0.10)	0.369	−0.13 (−0.31, 0.06)	0.174
WC (cm)	0.60 (0.06, 1.13)	0.029	0.56 (0.04, 1.07)	0.033	0.41 (−0.09, 0.92)	0.107
PBF (%)	0.15 (−0.14, 0.44)	0.311	0.13 (−0.15, 0.40)	0.367	0.07 (−0.20, 0.34)	0.596
TAT (cm^2)	2.09 (−3.79, 7.97)	0.486	1.75 (−3.98, 7.49)	0.549	1.07 (−4.61, 6.76)	0.712
VAT (cm^2)	1.74 (−0.99, 4.47)	0.211	1.48 (−1.06, 4.02)	0.252	1.21 (−1.26, 3.69)	0.336
SAT (cm^2)	0.35 (−3.63, 4.32)	0.864	0.27 (−3.69, 4.23)	0.893	−0.14 (−4.12, 3.84)	0.944
NO2 (ppb)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.07 (−0.25, 0.12)	0.463	−0.08 (−0.27, 0.1)	0.364	−0.06 (−0.23, 0.12)	0.507
WC (cm)	−0.05 (−0.56, 0.47)	0.850	−0.13 (−0.62, 0.37)	0.618	−0.07 (−0.54, 0.41)	0.786
PBF (%)	0.01 (−0.27, 0.29)	0.943	−0.04 (−0.30, 0.23)	0.795	−0.00 (−0.26, 0.25)	0.988
TAT (cm^2)	1.41 (−4.24, 7.07)	0.624	0.76 (−4.76, 6.27)	0.788	1.26 (−4.12, 6.63)	0.647
VAT (cm^2)	1.33 (−1.30, 3.96)	0.320	0.82 (−1.62, 3.26)	0.510	0.99 (−1.35, 3.33)	0.408
SAT (cm^2)	0.08 (−3.74, 3.90)	0.966	−0.06 (−3.87, 3.75)	0.974	0.27 (−3.49, 4.03)	0.888

Notes: The beta coefficient and 95% CI of each air pollutant was scaled to the interquartile range (IQR) for each pollutant, respectively (10.0 μg/m³ for PM₁₀ and 14.0 ppb for NO₂). ^aModel 1 was adjusted for age. ^bModel 2 included age, smoking status (never-, former-, or current-smoker), alcohol consumption (never-, former-, or current-drinker), physical activity (yes or no), hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia as covariate in model 1.

Abbreviations: PM₁₀, particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; PBF, percent body fat; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Table 5 Estimated associations of IQR increases in annual average air pollution and obesity scales by age

	Unadjusted		Model 1^a		Model 2^b
	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P
Age <50 (N=1 611)
PM10 (μg/m^3)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.04 (−0.23, 0.16)	0.692	−0.02 (−0.21, 0.17)	0.844	−0.03 (−0.21, 0.15)	0.751
WC (cm)	0.17 (−0.39, 0.73)	0.543	0.26 (−0.25, 0.77)	0.315	0.21 (−0.28, 0.71)	0.400
PBF (%)	0.07 (−0.28, 0.41)	0.702	0.01 (−0.3, 0.33)	0.926	−0.05 (−0.35, 0.25)	0.751
TAT (cm^2)	−0.82 (−4.67, 3.04)	0.678	−0.97 (−4.8, 2.86)	0.620	−1.44 (−5.21, 2.33)	0.455
VAT (cm^2)	2.36 (−4.01, 8.73)	0.468	2.74 (−3.54, 9.03)	0.392	1.66 (−4.43, 7.75)	0.593
SAT (cm^2)	3.17 (−0.43, 6.77)	0.084	3.71 (0.43, 7)	0.027	3.09 (−0.08, 6.26)	0.056
NO2 (ppb)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.02 (−0.19, 0.16)	0.843	−0.09 (−0.26, 0.08)	0.303	−0.07 (−0.24, 0.09)	0.381
WC (cm)	0.22 (−0.28, 0.73)	0.385	−0.07 (−0.53, 0.39)	0.765	−0.03 (−0.47, 0.42)	0.910
PBF (%)	−0.26 (−0.57, 0.05)	0.097	−0.08 (−0.37, 0.2)	0.557	−0.05 (−0.33, 0.22)	0.704
TAT (cm^2)	3.9 (−1.87, 9.66)	0.185	2.59 (−3.11, 8.3)	0.373	3.29 (−2.22, 8.81)	0.242
VAT (cm^2)	3.23 (−0.03, 6.49)	0.052	1.4 (−1.59, 4.39)	0.358	1.66 (−1.21, 4.53)	0.256
SAT (cm^2)	0.67 (−2.82, 4.16)	0.707	1.19 (−2.28, 4.67)	0.501	1.63 (−1.78, 5.04)	0.349
50≤ Age <65 (N=2 893)
PM10 (μg/m^3)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.07 (−0.21, 0.06)	0.278	−0.07 (−0.2, 0.07)	0.336	−0.11 (−0.24, 0.02)	0.096
WC (cm)	0.02 (−0.37, 0.41)	0.908	0.08 (−0.29, 0.45)	0.683	−0.1 (−0.46, 0.26)	0.596
PBF (%)	0.25 (−0.03, 0.52)	0.080	0.17 (−0.05, 0.38)	0.131	0.09 (−0.12, 0.3)	0.399
TAT (cm^2)	−0.73 (−5.16, 3.71)	0.747	−0.8 (−5.23, 3.63)	0.724	−2.35 (−6.63, 1.93)	0.282
VAT (cm^2)	−0.32 (−2.98, 2.33)	0.810	0.12 (−2.36, 2.6)	0.926	−0.85 (−3.21, 1.52)	0.483
SAT (cm^2)	−0.4 (−3.25, 2.45)	0.781	−0.92 (−3.55, 1.71)	0.495	−1.51 (−4.11, 1.1)	0.258
NO2 (ppb)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.01 (−0.13, 0.11)	0.878	−0.02 (−0.13, 0.1)	0.792	−0.02 (−0.13, 0.1)	0.786
WC (cm)	−0.05 (−0.39, 0.29)	0.768	−0.09 (−0.42, 0.24)	0.587	−0.09 (−0.41, 0.22)	0.561
PBF (%)	0.12 (−0.13, 0.36)	0.344	0.17 (−0.02, 0.37)	0.073	0.17 (−0.01, 0.35)	0.072
TAT (cm^2)	1.15 (−2.75, 5.04)	0.564	1.2 (−2.7, 5.09)	0.547	0.94 (−2.79, 4.68)	0.621
VAT (cm^2)	1.27 (−1.06, 3.6)	0.286	0.95 (−1.23, 3.13)	0.391	0.83 (−1.23, 2.89)	0.432
SAT (cm^2)	−0.12 (−2.63, 2.38)	0.923	0.24 (−2.07, 2.56)	0.836	0.12 (−2.16, 2.39)	0.920
Age ≥65 (N=610)
PM10 (μg/m^3)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.05 (−0.36, 0.25)	0.723	−0.06 (−0.37, 0.24)	0.689	−0.07 (−0.39, 0.24)	0.642
WC (cm)	0.25 (−0.64, 1.15)	0.578	0.46 (−0.44, 1.35)	0.316	0.42 (−0.49, 1.34)	0.364
PBF (%)	0.93 (0.14, 1.71)	0.021	0.21 (−0.45, 0.87)	0.531	0.11 (−0.57, 0.79)	0.754
TAT (cm^2)	10.48 (0.43, 20.54)	0.041	8.83 (−1.27, 18.93)	0.086	9.39 (−0.9, 19.69)	0.074
VAT (cm^2)	2.46 (−3.63, 8.55)	0.428	4.76 (−1.22, 10.75)	0.118	5.27 (−0.83, 11.37)	0.090
SAT (cm^2)	8.02 (2.05, 14)	0.009	4.07 (−1.45, 9.58)	0.148	4.12 (−1.54, 9.79)	0.154
NO2 (ppb)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.03 (−0.31, 0.25)	0.837	−0.03 (−0.31, 0.25)	0.830	0 (−0.28, 0.27)	0.978
WC (cm)	−0.09 (−0.91, 0.74)	0.838	−0.05 (−0.87, 0.77)	0.905	0.07 (−0.74, 0.88)	0.869
PBF (%)	0.3 (−0.42, 1.03)	0.411	0.17 (−0.43, 0.77)	0.577	0.22 (−0.38, 0.82)	0.474
TAT (cm^2)	3.29 (−6.02, 12.6)	0.488	2.96 (−6.31, 12.22)	0.531	4.47 (−4.63, 13.57)	0.335
VAT (cm^2)	−0.33 (−5.95, 5.3)	0.909	0.09 (−5.4, 5.58)	0.975	1.06 (−4.34, 6.45)	0.700
SAT (cm^2)	3.62 (−1.93, 9.16)	0.201	2.87 (−2.19, 7.93)	0.265	3.41 (−1.59, 8.41)	0.181

Notes: The beta coefficient and 95% CI of each air pollutant was scaled to the interquartile range (IQR) for each pollutant, respectively (10.0 μg/m³ for PM₁₀ and 14.0 ppb for NO₂). ^aModel 1 was adjusted for sex. ^bModel 2 included sex, smoking status (never-, former-, or current-smoker), alcohol consumption (never-, former-, or current-drinker), physical activity (yes or no), hypertension, diabetes,and dyslipidemia as covariate in model.

Abbreviations: PM₁₀, particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; PBF, percent body fat; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue..

Table S1 Basic details of ambient air pollution measurement from the Ministry of the Environment of Korea

Year	#Monitoring site	#Air pollution measurements^a	Air pollutant	#Air pollution detections^b
2006	250	2,190,000	PM10 (0 90^3)	2,041,618
			NO2 (ppb)	2,076,123
2007	263	2,303,880	PM10 (0 03^3)	2,157,442
			NO2 (ppb)	2,191,674
2008	279	2,444,040	PM10 (0 44^3)	2,304,946
			NO2 (ppb)	2,339,178
2009	285	2,496,600	PM10 (0 96^3)	2,386,580
			NO2 (ppb)	2,400,367
2010	290	2,540,400	PM10 (0 40^3)	2,450,528
			NO2 (ppb)	2,461,808
2011	301	2,636,760	PM10 (0 36^3)	2,548,476
			NO2 (ppb)	2,550,157
2012	310	2,715,600	PM10 (0 15^3)	2,639,156
			NO2 (ppb)	2,635,874
2013	316	2,768,160	PM10 (0 68^3)	2,682,301
			NO2 (ppb)	2,677,385
2014	317	2,776,920	PM10 (0 76^3)	2,659,197
			NO2 (ppb)	2,693,906

Notes: ^aThe value was calculated as the #monitoring siteⅹ365 (days)ⅹ24 (hours). ^bThis was calculated as the #air pollution measurements - #missing measurements.

Abbreviations: PM₁₀, particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide.

Table S2 Estimated associations of IQR increases in annual average air pollution and obesity scales in each extreme group of air pollutant levels

	Extreme groups by air pollutant levels
	Lower 10% group		Upper 10% group
	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value
PM10 (μg/m^3)	37.04 (2.66)		65.12 (3.84)
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.73 (−1.67, 0.20)	0.122	0.30 (−0.35, 0.94)	0.369
WC (cm)	−1.99 (−4.64, 0.66)	0.140	0.89 (−0.94, 2.73)	0.339
Body fat (%)	−1.13 (−2.65, 0.40)	0.147	1.02 (−0.04, 2.08)	0.060
TAT (cm^2)	−13.56 (−32.33, 5.20)	0.156	−3.14 (−16.18, 9.90)	0.636
VAT (cm^2)	−18.72 (−49.2, 11.76)	0.228	3.54 (−18.66, 25.74)	0.754
SAT (cm^2)	−5.15 (−21.54, 11.23)	0.537	6.68 (−5.51, 18.86)	0.282
NO2 (ppb)	9.25 (3.44)		54.23 (7.62)
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.43 (−0.54, 1.40)	0.383	−0.07 (−0.56, 0.43)	0.794
WC (cm)	−0.46 (−3.28, 2.36)	0.750	0.09 (−1.29, 1.46)	0.900
Body fat (%)	0.35 (−1.28, 1.98)	0.675	−0.02 (−0.77, 0.74)	0.966
TAT (cm^2)	13.31 (−18.72, 45.33)	0.415	3.80 (−12.55, 20.15)	0.648
VAT (cm^2)	9.67 (−7.73, 27.07)	0.276	4.75 (−3.72, 13.23)	0.271
SAT (cm^2)	3.64 (−15.72, 23.00)	0.712	−0.95 (−11.28, 9.38)	0.856

Notes: The beta coefficient and 95% CI in each air pollutant was scaled to the interquartile range (IQR) for each pollutant, respectively (10.0 μg/m³ for PM₁₀ and 14.0 ppb for NO₂). The model was adjusted for age, sex, smoking status (never-, former-, or current-smoker), alcohol consumption (never-, former-, or current-drinker), physical activity (yes or no), hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia as covariate.

Abbreviations: PM₁₀, particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue..

Table S3 ORs and 95% CIs from logistic regression for the relation between obesity indices and air pollutant level

	Extreme groups by air pollutants levels		OR (95%CI)	P-value
	Lower 10% group	Upper 10% group
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
PM10 (μg/m^3)	37.04 (2.66)	65.12 (3.84)
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.42 (2.93)	24.17 (2.95)	0.9752 (0.9323, 1.0201)	0.274
WC (cm)	86.79 (8.68)	87.02 (8.71)	1.0075 (0.9916, 1.0236)	0.357
Body fat (%)	25.10 (6.11)	25.72 (6.28)	1.0087 (0.9815, 1.0367)	0.534
TAT (cm^2)	268.65 (96.59)	275.22 (101.38)	1.0007 (0.9994, 1.0021)	0.299
VAT (cm^2)	116.77 (55.9)	121.07 (59.86)	1.0024 (0.9999, 1.0049)	0.060
SAT (cm^2)	151.89 (61.79)	154.16 (61.64)	1.0000 (0.9978, 1.0023)	0.981
NO2 (ppb)	9.25 (3.44)	54.23 (7.62)
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.42 (2.93)	24.17 (2.95)	−0.0030 (−0.0139, 0.0079)	0.584
WC (cm)	87.20 (8.82)	86.74 (8.9)	−0.0016 (−0.0055, 0.0022)	0.411
Body fat (%)	24.86 (6.07)	25.00 (6.03)	0.0033 (−0.0035, 0.0102)	0.338
TAT (cm^2)	269.6 (95.27)	274.16 (101.65)	0.0001 (−0.0002, 0.0005)	0.401
VAT (cm^2)	120.99 (56.67)	122.86 (56.62)	0.0002 (−0.0004, 0.0009)	0.477
SAT (cm^2)	148.61 (59.8)	151.31 (67.24)	0.0002 (−0.0003, 0.0007)	0.455

Notes: The model was adjusted for age, sex, smoking status (never-, former-, or current-smoker), alcohol consumption (never-, former-, or current-drinker), physical activity (yes or no), hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia as covariate.

Abbreviations: PM₁₀, particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue.