Influence of genomic ancestry and self-reported color-race in CKD in a nationwide admixed sample of Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes according to groups of renal function

Variables	Normal renal function	CKD*	p-value
n=1,564	1,147	417
Age, (y)	27.0 [17.0]	33.0 [18.0]	<0.001
Gender, (% female)	625 (54.5)	260 (62.4)	0.006
Duration of diabetes, (y)	13.0 [11.0]	18.0 [13.0]	<0.001
Years of study, (y)	12.0 [3.0]	12 [4.0]	0.019
Geographic Region, n (%)			0.121
Southeast	540 (47)	215 (51.6)
South	137 (11.9)	58 (13.9)
North/Northeast	330 (28.8)	105 (25.2)
Mid-West	140 (12.2)	39 (9.4)
Economic Status, n (%)			0.001
High	44 (3.8)	5 (1.2)
Medium	545 (47.5)	179 (42.9)
Low	527 (45.9)	210 (50.4)
Very low	31 (2.7)	23 (5.5)
Insulin dose, (units/kg/day)	0.82 [0.44]	0.80 [0.44]	0.623
Cigarette smoking, (%)	58 (5.1)	29 (7.0)	0.149
Hypertension, (%)	139 (12.1)	147 (35.3)	<0.001
Dyslipidemia, (%)	212 (18.5)	138 (33.2)	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmhg)	118.7 [17.7]	125.0 [25.0]	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmhg)	73.8 [12.0]	78.7 [14.7]	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^Citation2)	23.6 [5.0]	24.2 [5.1]	0.03
HbA1c (%)	8.4 [2.4]	8.8 [2.8]	<0.001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	68.3 [25.7]	72.7 [30.6]	<0.001
Self-reported color-race			0.015
White	644 (56.1)	213 (51)
Black	76 (6.6)	47 (11.3)
Brown	403 (35.1)	153 (36.7)
Asian	14 (1.2)	2 (0.48)
Indigenous	10 (0.9)	2 (0.48)
Genomic Ancestry
European ancestry	68.2 [29.7]	66.2 [32.6]	0.293
African ancestry	16.4 [21.8]	15.7 [28.3]	0.098
Amerindian ancestry	10.6 [16.2]	9.1[14.2]	0.088

Note: *Chronic Kidney Disease defined as a GFR <60ml/min and/or the presence of albuminuria.

Figure 1 Individual ancestry estimates obtained for the HGDP-CEPH reference samples (POPFLAG =1) and T1D participants tested from the Brazilian population (POPFLAG =0) using 46 AIMs-INDELS. Ancestry estimates were obtained using STRUCTURE, with the following options: MAXPOPS =3; BURNIN =50.000; NUMREPS =50.000; NOADMIX =0; USEPOPINFO =1; PFROMPFOPLAGONLY =1.

Abbreviations: AFR, African; EUR, European, NAM, Native Amerindian.

Table 2 Final adjusted regression model according to self-reported color-race

Parameter	B	Std. Error	OR	95% confidence interval for OR		Sig.
				Lower	Upper
Self-reported color-race
White	0.98	0.8131	2.663	0.541	13.107	0.228
Black	1.514	0.8306	4.547	0.893	23.159	0.068
Brown	1.175	0.8133	3.238	0.658	15.942	0.149
Asian	0.382	1.1179	1.465	0.164	13.101	0.733
Indigenous	0^a		1
Economic status
High	−1.808	0.611	0.164	0.05	0.543	0.003
Middle	−0.674	0.3371	0.51	0.263	0.986	0.045
Low	−0.579	0.3245	0.56	0.297	1.058	0.074
Very low	0^a		1
Hypertension	1.084	0.1613	2.955	2.154	4.054	0.000
Dyslipidemia	0.218	0.1496	1.243	0.927	1.667	0.146
Gender, female	0.282	0.1267	1.325	1.034	1.699	0.026
Duration of diabetes,y	0.037	0.0074	1.037	1.022	1.052	0.000
Years of study, y	0.008	0.0176	1.008	0.974	1.043	0.647
HbA1c (%)	0.145	0.0299	1.156	1.09	1.226	0.000
BMI	−1.8E-05	0.0157	1	0.97	1.031	0.999

Note: 0ª, reference.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; OR, Odds Ratio; y, years.

Table 3 Final adjusted regression model concerning genomic ancestry

Parameter	B	Std. Error	OR	95% confidence interval for OR		Sig.
				Lower	Upper
African genomic ancestry	0.671	0.3624	1.956	0.961	3.98	0.064
Economic status
High	−1.827	0.6052	0.161	0.049	0.527	0.003
Middle	−0.658	0.3311	0.518	0.271	0.991	0.047
Low	−0.541	0.3191	0.582	0.311	1.088	0.09
Very Low	0^a		1
Hypertension	1.085	0.1603	2.959	2.162	4.052	0.000
Dyslipidemia	0.216	0.1493	1.241	0.926	1.663	0.148
Gender, female	0.267	0.1263	1.306	1.02	1.673	0.034
Duration of diabetes,y	0.035	0.0073	1.036	1.021	1.051	0.000
Years of study, y	0.01	0.0175	1.01	0.976	1.045	0.561
HbA1c (%)	0.143	0.0299	1.154	1.088	1.223	0.000
BMI	0.001	0.0156	1.001	0.971	1.032	0.96

Note: 0ª, reference.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; OR, Odds Ratio; y, years.

Table 4 Final adjusted regression model according to groups of AFR ancestry

Parameter	B	Std. Error	OR	95% confidence interval for OR		Sig.
				Lower	Upper
Patients with 50% or more of AFR ancestry	0.302	0.2435	1.353	0.84	2.181	0.214
Economic status
High	−1.85	0.6044	0.157	0.048	0.514	0.002
Middle	−0.686	0.3309	0.504	0.263	0.964	0.038
Low	−0.552	0.3194	0.576	0.308	1.077	0.084
Very low	0^a		1
Hypertension	1.087	0.1604	2.966	2.166	4.063	0.000
Dyslipidemia	0.215	0.1492	1.239	0.925	1.66	0.15
Gender, female	0.269	0.1261	1.309	1.022	1.676	0.033
Duration of diabetes,y	0.035	0.0073	1.035	1.021	1.05	0.000
Years of study, y	0.009	0.0175	1.009	0.975	1.044	0.609
HbA1c (%)	0.145	0.0299	1.156	1.09	1.225	0.000
BMI	0	0.0156	1	0.97	1.031	0.984

Note: 0^a, reference.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; OR, Odds Ratio; y, years.

McBrien KA , Manns BJ , Chui B , et al. Health care costs in people with diabetes and their association with glycemic control and kidney function. Diabetes Care . 2013;36(5):1172–1180. doi:10.2337/dc12-0862 23238665

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