Association between new anthropometric parameters and arterial stiffness based on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants N=2647

Variable	Total (n=2647)	Male (n=1474)	Female (n=1173)	p ^‡
Age (y)	46.42±11.74	47.19±11.22	45.45±12.30	<0.001***
Anthropometric Index
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.83±3.16	24.65±2.91	22.79±3.16	<0.001***
WC (cm)	82.97±9.12	86.67±7.83	78.31±8.48	<0.001***
ABSI ×100	7.77±0.43	7.81±0.35	7.72±0.50	<0.001***
BRI	3.35±0.97	3.46±0.86	3.23±1.08	<0.001***
VAI	1.45±1.41	1.61±1.43	1.24±1.36	<0.001***
Biochemical Markers
TC (mg/dL)	190.95±36.30	194.03±36.03	187.28±34.94	<0.001***
TG (mmol/L)	1.24±0.87	1.46±0.97	0.91±0.48	<0.001***
HDL (mmol/L)	1.47±0.40	1.34±0.35	1.64±0.39	<0.001***
AST	22.48±11.91	24.63±13.30	19.79±9.22	<0.001***
BUN	12.74±4.21	13.36±4.48	11.97±3.70	<0.001***
Cr	0.80±0.38	0.92±0.46	0.65±0.12	<0.001***
Glu (mg/dL)	90.12±20.11	92.80±23.15	86.75±14.81	<0.001***
Uric acid	5.19±1.44	5.95±1.30	4.25±0.97	<0.001***
CRP	0.12±0.36	0.13±0.31	0.11±0.42	0.297
Mean ba-PWV	1300.53±209.61	1345.30±187.39	1244.27±222.20	<0.001***
SBP (mmHg)	120.82±15.66	124.66±14.77	116.00±15.43	<0.001***
DBP (mmHg)	74.28±10.76	77.05±10.44	70.79±10.12	<0.001***
HR (bpm)	72.95±10.50	71.84±10.23	74.35±10.67	<0.001***
Disease History^a
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	4.3	5.1	3.4	0.35
Hypertension, n (%)	13.1	15.9	9.5	<0.001***
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	10.2	11.3	8.7	0.26
Health-related Behavior
Smoking^b, n (%)^b	43.4	72.9	6.5	<0.001***
Drinking^c, n (%)^c	47.8	63.5	28.1	<0.001***
Inactivity^d, n (%)^d	80.2	79.3	81.4	0.176

Notes: ***p<0.001. Values are presented as mean ± SD or number (percentage). ^‡The p-value was calculated using t and χ ² tests. ^aDisease history based on medication or the physician’s diagnosis. ^bNon-smokers, never smoked; smokers, have smoked. ^cModerate drinking (≥14 g/day of alcohol for women and ≥24 g/day of alcohol for men). ^dInactivity, did not perform moderate-intensity exercise at least 30 min.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; WC, Waist circumference; ABSI, A body shape index; BRI, Body round index; VAI, Visceral adiposity index; TC, Total cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; Cr, Creatinine; Glu, Glucose; CRP, C-reactive protein; ba-PWV, Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; HR, Heart rate.

Table 2 Correlations of the anthropometric parameters with the CVD risk factors

	BMI	WC	ABSI	BRI	VAI	AST	Cr	Glu	CRP
SBP	0.384**	0.391**	0.116**	0.356**	0.183**	0.170**	0.186**	0.173**	0.040*
DBP	0.367**	0.368**	0.081**	0.313**	0.197**	0.162**	0.165**	0.166**	0.029
HR	−0.036	−0.051**	−0.007	−0.012	0.048*	0.015	−0.021	0.075**	0.102**
TC	0.196**	0.195**	0.085**	0.207**	0.240**	0.169**	0.046*	0.118**	−0.011
TG	0.357**	0.362**	0.059**	0.274**	0.913**	0.173**	0.095**	0.243**	0.060**
HDL	−0.363**	−0.379**	−0.062**	−0.270**	−0.522**	−0.096**	−0.152**	−0.139**	−0.099**
Mean ba-PWV	0.179**	0.259**	0.257**	0.303**	0.160**	0.210**	0.163**	0.263**	0.074**

Notes: *p< 0.05, **p< 0.01, for the correlation coefficient.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; WC, Waist circumference; ABSI, A body shape index; BRI, Body round index; VAI, Visceral adiposity index; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; HR, Heart rate; TC, Total cholesterol; TG, Triglycerides; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; ba-PWV, Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

Table 3 Association between the mean ba-PWV and the clinical characteristics or obesity parameters

Variable	Male						Female
	Unadjusted			Adjusted for age			Unadjusted			Adjusted for age
	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p
Age	0.476	0.383					0.690	0.382	*
Diabetes mellitus	0.192	21.803	*	0.111	19.711	*	0.155	35.331	*	0.051	26.132	0.018
Hypertension	0.222	13.025	*	0.098	12.170	*	0.329	20.852	*	0.094	17.001	*
Dyslipidemia	0.086	15.347	0.001	0.035	13.625	0.134	0.183	22.645	*	0.029	17.098	0.175
Smoking	0.045	10.969	0.082	0.010	9.688	0.659	−0.072	26.299	0.014	0.050	19.336	0.021
Drinking	−0.082	10.107	0.002	0.028	9.162	0.232	−0.178	14.204	*	0.017	10.885	0.429
Inactivity	−0.010	12.052	0.702	0.042	10.657	0.067	−0.036	16.675	0.219	0.030	12.122	0.162
BMI	0.012	1.679	0.656	0.009	1.477	0.684	0.220	2.006	*	0.121	1.485	*
WC	0.053	0.623	0.044	0.022	0.549	0.335	0.292	0.732	*	0.142	0.559	*
ABSI ×100	0.198	13.517	*	0.075	12.562	0.002	0.273	12.454	*	0.095	9.648	*
BRI	0.162	5.586	*	0.063	5.087	0.007	0.389	5.550	*	0.182	4.485	*
VAI	0.045	3.413	0.083	0.072	3.001	0.002	0.235	4.633	*	0.147	3.410	*

Notes: *p< 0.001, for the correlation coefficient. The p-values were obtained using a generalized regression analysis.

Abbreviatiopns:β, Standardized coefficient; ba-PWV, Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BMI, Body mass index; WC, Waist circumference; ABSI, A body shape index; BRI, Body round index; VAI, Visceral adiposity index.

Table 4 Association between the mean ba-PWV and the anthropometric parameters

Mean ba-PWV	Male				Female
	B	β	p	95% CI	B	β	p	95% CI
WC	0.033	0.001	0.953	−1.056 to 1.121	3.375	0.129	*	2.272–4.477
BMI	−0.654	−0.010	0.660	−3.275 to 2.264	7.631	0.108	*	4.709–10.553
ABSI ×100	34.895	0.066	0.005	10.362–59.429	38.667	0.087	*	19.799–57.535
BRI	9.080	0.042	0.078	−1.008 to 19.168	34.522	0.167	*	25.611–43.433
VAI	8.771	0.067	0.003	2.931–14.611	22.258	0.136	*	15.535–28.981

Notes: *p< 0.001, for the correlation coefficient. Adjustment for age, hypertension history, diabetes mellitus history, and smoking status. The p-values were obtained using a generalized regression analysis.

Abbreviations:β, Standardized coefficient; ba-PWV, Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; CI, confidence interval; BMI, Body mass index; WC, Waist circumference; ABSI, A body shape index; BRI, Body round index; VAI, Visceral adiposity index.