Effects Of Exercise Training With Dietary Restriction On Arterial Stiffness, Central Hemodynamic Parameters And Cardiac Autonomic Function In Obese Adolescents

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow diagram of participants through the study.

Table 1 The Anthropometric And Metabolic Parameters Of Subjects Before And After 6-Week Combined Exercise And Diet Intervention

Parameters	Before	After	P
Height (cm)	162.4 ± 9.04	162.5 ± 9.12	0.654
Body weight (kg)	80.9 ± 16.81	70.4 ± 14.06	0.000
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.4 ± 3.7	26.4 ± 3.1	0.000
Body fat (kg)	33.2 ± 8.5	24.3 ± 7.3	0.000
Body fat (%)	40.9 ± 4.7	34.2 ± 5.5	0.000
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.18 ± 0.84	3.57 ± 0.64	0.000
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.71 ± 0.30	0.56 ± 0.19	0.063
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.30 ± 0.19	1.39 ± 0.18	0.086
LDL-c (mmol/L)	2.19 ± 0.61	1.69 ± 0.49	0.000
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	4.38 ± 0.49	4.22 ± 0.56	0.382

Note: Values are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 The Cardiovascular Function Parameters Of Subjects Before And After 6-Week Combined Exercise And Diet Intervention

Parameters	Before	After	P
Left baPWV (m/s)^a	8.70 ± 0.87	7.69 ± 0.93	0.000
Right baPWV (m/s)^a	8.47 ± 0.91	7.55 ± 1.08	0.000
cfPWV (m/s)^a	4.98 ± 0.75	4.22 ± 0.88	0.000
cfPWV (m/s)^b	5.32 ± 0.85	4.44 ± 0.90	0.000
Augmentation pressure (mmHg)^b	2.09 ± 4.40	0.95 ± 2.25	0.261
AIx75 (%)^b	5.90 ± 14.64	−4.95 ± 7.46	0.002
SEVR (%)^b	136.8 ± 25.13	173.7 ± 32.45	0.000
HR (bpm)	72.6 ± 7.88	61.4 ± 6.42	0.000
bSBP (mmHg)	119.1 ± 11.2	108.6 ± 8.5	0.000
bDBP (mmHg)	75.5 ± 8.6	65.3 ± 6.1	0.000
aSBP (mmHg)^b	103.7 ± 8.58	92.7 ± 6.84	0.000
aDBP (mmHg)^b	76.6 ± 8.32	65.7 ± 5.97	0.000

Notes: Values are presented as mean ± SD. ^aParameters were measured by boso ABI-system 100. ^bParameters were measured by SphygmoCor device.

Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; AIx75, augmentation index standardized to a heart rate of 75/min; SEVR, subendocardial viability ratio; HR, heart rate; bSBP, brachial systolic blood pressure; bDBP, brachial diastolic blood pressure; aSBP, aortic systolic blood pressure; aDBP, aortic diastolic blood pressure.

Table 3 The Heart Rate Variability Indices Of Subjects Before And After 6-Week Combined Exercise And Diet Intervention

Parameters	Before	After	P
SDNN (ms)	65.2 ± 18.98	88.3 ± 28.36	0.013
RMSSD (ms)	65.8 ± 27.49	100.5 ± 37.68	0.008
pNN50 (%)	37.8 ± 17.05	57.8 ± 12.31	0.008
TP (ms^2)	4012.0 ± 2272.3	4633.7 ± 1978.1	0.465
LF (ms^2)	1172.8 ± 1189.5	1882.8 ± 2465.1	0.371
HF (ms^2)	1372.5 ± 908.8	1988.0 ± 983.3	0.072
LF/HF	1.0 ± 0.55	0.7 ± 0.43	0.047

Note: Values are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: SDNN, standard deviation of normal R-R intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of successive R-R interval differences; pNN50, percentage of successive R-R intervals that differed by >50 ms; TP, total power; LF, low-frequency power; HF, high-frequency power; LF/HF, low-frequency power/high-frequency power.

Table 4 Associations Of Changes In Heart Rate Variability Indices With Changes In Central Hemodynamics And Heart Rate After 6-Week Combined Exercise And Diet Intervention

	SEVR		AIx75		HR
	r	P	r	P	r	P
SDNN	0.518	0.048	−0.399	0.140	−0.736	0.002
RMSSD	0.499	0.058	−0.335	0.223	−0.813	0.000
pNN50	0.282	0.329	−0.324	0.259	−0.749	0.002
TP	0.518	0.084	−0.655	0.021	−0.172	0.593
LF	0.520	0.047	−0.673	0.006	−0.270	0.330
HF	0.459	0.085	−0.290	0.294	−0.748	0.001
LF/HF	−0.04	0.893	−0.249	0.391	−0.485	0.079

Abbreviations: SDNN, standard deviation of normal R-R intervals; RMSSD, root mean square of successive R-R interval differences; pNN50, percentage of successive R-R intervals that differed by >50 ms; TP, total power; LF, low-frequency power; HF, high-frequency power; LF/HF, the ratio of LF to HF; SEVR, subendocardial viability ratio; AIx75, augmentation index standardized to a heart rate of 75/min; HR, heart rate.