Aortic Stiffness Index And Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Are Independently Associated With The Presence Of Microalbuminuria In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic And Clinical Data Of The Participants

	Normoalbuminuria N=98	Microalbuminuria N=82	P
Age (year)	57.65±8.7	59.41±7.6	0.157
Gender (male/female)	35/63	33/49	0.319
Height (cm)	160.9±8.5	160.9±9.6	0.926
Weight (kg)	84.0±12.6	88.2±15.1	0.103
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	32.9±5.5	34.4±6.2	0.218
Hypertension, n (%)	54 (55)	48 (58)	0.643
Diabetes duration (year)	10.5±6.8	12.7±6.7	0.033
Oral antidiabetic drugs, n (%)	70 (71)	53 (64)	0.340
Insulin therapy, n (%)	45 (46)	47 (57)	0.137
Heart rate (bpm)	75.5±9.8	76.5±9.9	0.617
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	134.2±18.2	135.3±16.0	0.333
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	80.4±11.6	80.5±11.2	0.968
HbA1C (%)	8.4±1.8	8.5±2.0	0.015
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	153 (54–520)	204 (59–495)	0.001
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.84±0.2	0.91±0.2	0.005
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m^2)	86.9±18.0	80.3±20.3	0.021
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	203±36	211±41	0.361
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	188.7±99	211.5±155	0.757
HDL-C (mg/dL)	46.7±9.8	44.0±10.6	0.045
LDL-C (mg/dL)	123.6±29.9	122.6±34.7	0.961
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g)	16.7±14.2	134.4±83.0	<0.001
Ejection fraction	61.3±5.2	61.1±3.5	0.178
Epicardial fat thickness (mm)	5.9±1.4	6.5±1.4	0.014
CIMT (mm)	0.71±0.1	0.76±0.1	0.001
Aortic stiffness index	3.16±0.2	3.28±0.3	0.002

Notes: The p-values are bold where they are <0.05. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD or median (Min-Max), and the categorical variables as n (%).

Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.

Figure 1 Comparison of aortic stiffness index  (A), carotid intima-media thickness (B) and epicardial fat thickness (C) among the normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria groups.

Table 2 The Correlation Between Albumin-To-Creatinine Ratio And Clinical/demographic Variables In T2DM Patients

Variables	Albumin-To-Creatinine Ratio
	r	P
Age	0.169	0.023
Body mass index	0.124	0.098
Diabetes duration	0.160	0.032
Systolic blood pressure	0.125	0.094
Diastolic blood pressure	0.088	0.239
HbA1C	0.198	0.008
Fasting glucose	0.196	0.008
Serum creatinine	0.175	0.019
eGFR	−0.181	0.015
Total cholesterol	0.124	0.097
Triglyceride	0.119	0.113
HDL-C	−0.022	0.766
LDL-C	0.059	0.429
Ejection fraction	−0.109	0.184
Epicardial fat thickness	0.179	0.016
CIMT	0.206	0.005
Aortic stiffness index	0.226	0.002

Note: The p-values are bold where they are <0.05.

Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.

Figure 2 Scatter plot showing correlation of albumin-to-creatinine ratio with carotid intima-media thickness (A) and aortic stiffness index (B).