Vitamin B₁₂ Deficiency and Foot Ulcers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Participant enrollment and the sampling technique in the current study.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; DFU, diabetic foot ulcer.

Table 1 Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Using Chi-Square Test

Variables		Cases = 108		Controls = 215		P-value
		n	(%)	n	(%)
Age	≤44 years	21	19.4%	43	20.0%	0.073
	45–64 years	55	50.9%	138	64.2%
	≥65 years	32	29.7%	34	15.8%
Sex	Male	66	61.1%	126	58.6%	0.723
	Female	42	38.9%	89	41.4%
Occupation	Not working	17	15.7%	18	8.4%	0.023*
	Retired	10	9.3%	50	23.2%
	Police man	9	8.3%	13	6.0%
	Security guard	11	10.2%	4	1.9%
	Teacher	10	9.3%	20	9.3%
	Desktop	13	12%	43	20%
	House wife	38	35.2%	67	31.2%
Activity at work^^	Mostly sitting	35	32.4%	65	30.2%	0.006*
	Mostly walking	16	14.8%	59	27.4%
	Mostly standing	30	27.7%	22	10.2%
Physically active	No	102	94.4%	142	66.0%	<0.001*
	Yes	6	5.6%	73	34.0%
Foot self-care	No	67	62.0%	81	37.7%	0.001*
	Yes	41	38.0%	134	62.3%
Foot trauma	No	66	61.1%	160	74.4%	0.031*
	Yes	34	38.9%	55	25.6%
Neuropathy	Absent	10	9.3%	108	50.2%	<0.001*
	Present	98	90.7%	107	49.8%
Vasculopathy	Absent	65	60.1%	189	87.9%	0.001*
	Present	43	39.9%	26	12.1%
Diabetes duration	<5 years	2	1.9%	18	7.5%	<0.001*
	5–10 years	11	10.1%	90	42.8%
	>10 years	95	88.0%	107	49.7%
Body mass index	Underweight	1	1.8%	3	1.3%	0.629
	Normal	22	20.3%	37	17.2%
	Overweight	39	36.1%	97	45.1%
	Obese	45	41.8%	78	36.4%
Glycemic control	Good control	13	12.1%	65	30.2%	0.001*
	Poor control	95	87.9%	150	69.8%
Vitamin B12 deficiency	No	44	40.8%	146	67.9%	0.001*
	Yes	64	59.2%	69	32.1%
Charcot joints	Absent	84	77.7%	196	91.1%	<0.001*
	Present	24	22.3%	19	8.9%
Dry foot skin	Absent	17	15.7%	174	80.9%	<0.001*
	Present	91	84.3%	41	19.1%
Foot fissure	Absent	91	84.2%	201	93.5%	0.040*
	Present	17	15.8%	14	6.5%

Notes: *Significant results (P value < 0.05); ^Not working participants were excluded from activity at work.

Table 2 Significant Predictors for Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Logistic Regression^{^}

Variables	Multivariate Analysis
	OR	(CI 95%)	P-value
Peripheral neuropathy	9.8	(3.1–11.8)	<0.001*
Peripheral vascular disease	4.7	(2.1–9.3)	0.001*
Vitamin B12 deficiency	3.1	(2.1–6.9)	0.010*
Poor glycemic control	3.1	(2.0–7.1)	0.010*
Charcot joint	2.9	(1.3–4.6)	0.012*
Inappropriate foot self-care	2.7	(1.1–4.9)	0.042*

Notes: *Significant results (P value <0.05); ^Logistic regression included the significant variables in univariate regression.