Effect of Ramadan fasting on metabolic markers, body composition, and dietary intake in Emiratis of Ajman (UAE) with metabolic syndrome

Figures & data

Table 1 Anthropometric parameters 1 week before Ramadan (RA1) and in fourth week of Ramadan (RA2)

Parameter	Mean (SD)
	RA1	RA2
Weight (kg)	103.9 (29.8)	102.1 (29.0)*
BMI (kg/m^2)	40.2 (10.2)	40.0 (10.5)**
WC (cm)	123 (14.0)	119 (17.0)*
WHR	0.98 (0.10)	0.95 (0.11)
Fat mass (kg)	50.3 (19.6)	49.5 (20.3)
Fat %	47.3 (8.3)	46.9 (8.2)
TBW (kg)	39.5 (9.6)	38.7 (7.9)
TBW (%)	38.8 (5.8)	39.0 (5.8)
Fat free mass (kg)	53.5 (13.0)	52.6 (10.6)
Fat free mass (%)	52.7 (8.3)	53.1 (8.2)
Muscle mass (kg)	14.1 (3.5)	13.9 (2.7)
Muscle mass (%)	13.9 (2.5)	14.1 (2.4)
BMR (kcal)	1,500 (300)	1,400 (400)

Notes: Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation).

* P < 0.01;

** P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waistto-hip ratio; TBW, total body water; BMR, basal metabolic rate.

Table 2 Energy and Macronutrient intake of patients 1 week before Ramadan (RA1) and in fourth week of Ramadan (RA2)

Nutrient	Mean (SD)		Dietary recommendation (ADA)
	RA1	RA2
Total calorie (kcal)	2,240 (700)	2,300 (600)	2000 kcal
Carbohydrate (g)	264 (94)	249 (65)
Carbohydrate (%)	46.4 (5.5)	43.5 (4.9)	45%–65%
Protein (g)	78.0 (24.7)	68.7 (23.9)*
Protein (%)	14.4 (3.0)	12.0 (2.3)*	15%–20%
Fat (g)	85.0 (28.3)	104.0 (31.8)*
Fat (%)	34.6 (4.8)	40.5 (5.5)*	<25%

Notes: ADA = American Diabetes Association, 2004 recommendations (34, 35).

* P < 0.05.

Table 3 Dietary intake of different food groups in patients 1 week before Ramadan (RA1) and in fourth week of Ramadan (RA2)

Food Group serving	No of servings mean (SD)		% of total calorie
	RA1	RA2	RA1	RA2
Cereals	10.1 (4.4)	9.1 (3.7)	36.1	31.7
Legumes	0.2 (0.4)	0.1 (0.3)	0.4	0.2
Fruits	3.4 (2.1)	2.2 (1.5)	7.2	5.4
Vegetables (raw)	0.8 (0.8)	0.4 (0.5)	0.8	0.4
Vegetables (cooked)	0.6 (0.5)	1.1 (0.7)*	0.6	1.1
low fat milk	0.5 (0.6)	0.2 (0.3)	1.4	0.6
Whole milk	2.4 (1.9)	1.6 (0.9)	16.1	10.4
Lean meat	3.9 (2.7)	2.9 (2.2)	7.0	5.4
Medium fat meat	1.5 (1.8)	1.6 (2.9)	4.0	4.0
High fat meat	0.0 (0.0)	0.8 (1.8)	0.0	2.8
Fat	10.3 (3.6)	14.2 (4.4)*	20.6	27.7
Nuts	0.2 (0.4)	0.9 (1.4)	0.2	1.3
Sugar	6.7 (5.2)	10.5 (8.1)	5.6	9.1

* Note: P< 0.01.

Table 4 Biochemical parameters based on fasting blood samples in patients 1 week before Ramadan (RA1) and in fourth week of Ramadan (RA2)

Biochemical parameter	Mean (SD)
	RA1	RA2
P-glucose (mmol/L)	6.3 (1.7)	6.8 (2.0)**
B-HbA1c %	6.3 (0.9)	6.5 (0.9)*
P-insulin (IU/mL)	27.8 (16.7)	26.5 (19.1)
HOMA IR	7.8 (5.0)	8.1 (5.9)
P-cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.6 (1.0)	4.5 (1.0)
P-triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.65 (0.99)	1.45 (0.68)
P-HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.15 (0.21)	1.16 (0.29)
P-LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.67 (0.76)	2.57 (0.83)
P-CRP (mg/L)	10.6 (9.8)	10.1 (14.2)
P-Apo-A1 (g/L)	1.32 (0.21)	1.30 (0.25)
P-Apo-B (g/L)	0.79 (0.19)	0.74 (0.21)
APOB/APOA ratio	0.61 (0.17)	0.59 (0.18)
P-AST (IU/L)	21.1 (6.6)	19.0 (5.5)
P-ALT (IU/L)	30.5 (17.4)	27.2 (15.4)
P-ALP (IU/L)	78.4 (21.5)	78.5 (21.9)
P-GGt (IU/L)	25.2 (12.1)	20.9 (9.6)**
P-creatinine (mmol/L)	57.5 (15.1)	59.0 (15.4)
P-urea mmol/L	3.73 (0.97)	3.82 (1.10)

* Notes: P < 0.01;

** P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: HbA_1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP, C reactive protein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, Alanine transaminase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; GGt, Gamma-glutamyltransferase.