The Effect of Visceral Abdominal Fat Volume on Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Subjects with Normal Weight, Overweight and Obesity

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Data, Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Status in Subjects with Normal Weight, Overweight and Obesity

	Normal Weight	Overweight	Obesity	P
	n-23	n-36	n-33
Gender
Men n (%)	5 (21.7)	7 (19.4)	9 (27.3)	0.73
Women n (%)	18 (78.3)	29 (80.1)	24 (72.7)
Age years	68.77±10.66	55.03±10.66	56.45±10.84	0.32
Visceral abdominal fat cm^3	777.09±472.36	1270.92±471.15^a,b	1988.59±471.57^a	<0.01*
Hypertension n (%)	3 (13)	10 (28)	16 (49)	0.02^***
Dyslipidemia n (%)	8 (35)	10 (28)	10 (30)	0.71
T2DM n (%)	3 (13)	5 (14)	7 (21)	0.68
Waist-hip ratio	0.85±0.08	0.88±0.08	0.91±0.06^a	0.01*
Inflammatory Cytokines
TNF-α pg/mL	866.86±153.95	680.97±79.67	694.44±86.06	0.96
IL-6 pg/mL	437.62±78.06	920.09±253.77	566.50±127.31	0.93
Oxidative Damage to DNA and Repair
8-OHdG ng/mL	43.93±10.12	54.85±16.04	153.32±54.46	0.15
hOGG1 ng/mL	5.42±1.58	4.89±1.13	4.97±1.26	0.82
Oxidants
LPO µM	4.30±0.42	3.58±0.23	3.80±0.22	0.18
8-Isoprostane pg/mL	24.25±2.20	20.81±1.22	28.44±3.09	0.27
Nitric oxide µM	234.81±11.37	238.28±10.09	242.36±10.12	0.74
Antioxidants
SOD U/mL	0.50±0.04	0.35±0.05^a	0.34±0.06^a	0.005**
GPx nmol/min/mL	1.28±0.16	2.41±0.33^a	2.17±0.25^a	0.015**
Total antioxidant capacity mM	2.19±0.10	2.34 ± 0.11^a	2.28 ± 0.09	0.05**
Catalase mU/mL	18.07±2.00	16.75±1.31	18.35±1.72	0.46

Notes: Values are mean ± SD, SEM, or percentage. ^avs normal weight. ^bvs obesity. ^***Chi-square test, *Student’s t-test, **Kruskal–Wallis test.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6, interleukin 6; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine; hOGG1, human oxoguanine glycosylase; LPO, lipoperoxides; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase.

Table 2 Cutoff Points for Visceral Abdominal Fat by Metabolic Disorder Risk Factors

	AUC	95% CI	Cutoff (cm^3)	Sensitivity	Specificity	YI	p
Hypertension	0.74	0.63; 0.85	1658.50	0.58	0.87	0.45	<0.001*
T2DM	0.67	0.53; 0.82	1730.50	0.53	0.81	0.34	0.034*
Dyslipidemia	0.59	0.48; 0.73	1212.00	0.70	0.53	0.23	0.15

Note: *Significant for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; YI, Younden’s index.

Table 3 Clinical Characteristics in Normal and High Visceral Abdominal Fat

	Normal VAF(<1658.5 cm^3)	High VAF (≥1658.5 cm^3)	p
Age years	55.97±10.70	58.96±9.60	0.30
Gender
Men n (%)	11 (16.7)	10 (38.5)	0.025^***
Women n (%)	55 (83.3)	16 (61.5)
BMI kg/m^2	26.89±3.83	33.50±5.45	<0.001*
Waits-hip ratio	0.87±0.08	0.92±0.52	0.003*
Hypertension n (%)	12 (18.2)	18 (69.2)	<0.001^***
Dyslipidemia n (%)	19 (28.8)	10 (38.5)	0.39
T2DM n (%)	7 (10.6)	8 (30.8)	0.020^***
Inflammatory Cytokines
TNF-α pg/mL	775.07±80.36	656.11±55.62	0.90
IL-6 pg/mL	595.06±122.85	864.45±227.39	0.75
Oxidative Damage to DNA and Repair
8-OHdG ng/mL	67.92±16.45	137.07±61.79	0.39
hOGG1 ng/mL	5.81±0.92	3.07±1.15	0.032**
Oxidants
LPO µM	3.84 ± 0.21	3.90±0.22	0.34
8-Isoprostane pg/mL	21.70±1.02	30.85±3.79	0.039**
Nitric oxide µM	234.67±7.58	250.87±8.84	0.42
Antioxidants
SOD U/mL	0.36±0.03	0.42±0.07	0.75
GPx nmol/min/mL	2.06±0.23	2.09±0.18	0.23
Total antioxidant capacity mM	2.27±0.07	2.31±0.13	0.75
Catalase mU/mL	18.06±1.10	17.26±1.73	0.89

Notes: Values are mean ± SD, SEM or percentage. ^***Chi-square test, *Student’s t-test, **Mann Whitney U-test.

Abbreviations: VAF, visceral abdominal fat; BMI, body mass index;T2DM, type 2 diabetes Mellitus; TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6, interleukin 6; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine; hOGG1, human oxoguanin glycosylase; LPO, Lipoperoxides; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; GPx, Glutathione peroxidase.

Table 4 Correlation Between the Visceral Abdominal Fat and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Overweight and Obesity

	Age	VAF	WHR	BMI
LPO	0.072	0.274*	0.302*	−0.185
Total antioxidant capacity	−0.008	−0.020	0.244*	0.092
8-OHdG	0.278*	−0.042	0.239	0.024
8-isoprostanes	0.041	0.249*	0.085	0.261*

Notes: Correlation was done using Spearman correlation test. *p<0.0.5.

Abbreviations: LPO, lipoperoxides; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine; VAF, visceral abdominal fat; WHR, waits-hip ratio; BMI, body mass index.

Table 5 Antioxidants Between Normal Weight vs Comorbidities Normal Weight, Overweight and Obese Subjects

	Normal  Weight (n 11)	Comorbidities Normal  Weight (n 12)	Overweight (n 36)	Obese (n 33)	p
SOD U/mL	0.45 ± 0.05	0.54 ± 0.06	0.35 ± 0.05^a,b	0.34 ± 0.06^a,b	0.01*
GPx nmol/min/mL	0.80 ± 0.15^b	1.67 ± 0.21^a	2.41 ± 0.33^a,b	2.17 ± 0.25^a,b	0.003*

Notes: Values are mean ± SEM. Table 5 The table shows only the significant values between subjects of normal weight and normal weight with comorbidities. *Kruskal–Wallis test. ^avs normal weight, ^bvs comorbidities normal weight.

Abbreviations: SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase;