Relationship Between Gallstone Disease and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Elderly People with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Elderly People’s Demographic Characteristics, Biochemical Variables and Metabolic Components, by the Presence of Gallstone Disease

Characteristics	Total n=3,037	Presence of Gallstone Disease		p-value^a
		No n=2,500 (82.3%)	Yes n=537 (17.7%)
Sex				0.507
Male	886 (29.2%)	723 (28.9%)	163 (30.4%)
Female	2,151 (70.8%)	1,777 (71.1%)	374 (69.6%)
Age (years)	73.6±6.0	73.4±6.0	74.5±6.0	<0.001
BMI^b (kg/m^2)	26.0±3.1	25.8±3.1	26.7±3.2	<0.001
18.5-<24	817 (26.9%)	716 (28.6%)	101 (18.8%)	<0.001
24-<27	1,235 (40.7%)	1,002 (40.1%)	233 (43.4%)	<0.001
≧27	985 (32.4%)	782 (31.3%)	203 (37.8%)	<0.001
NAFLD^c				0.077
Mild	2,309 (76.0%)	1,921 (76.8%)	388 (72.3%)
Moderate	649 (21.4%)	516 (20.6%)	133 (24.8%)
Severe	79 (2.6%)	63 (2.5%)	16 (3.0%)
MetS^d	1,920 (63.2%)	1,535 (61.4%)	385 (71.4%)	<0.001
Elevated blood pressure^e	2,522 (83.0%)	2,065 (82.6%)	457 (85.1%)	0.161
Fasting Plasma Glucose >100 mg/dL	1,989 (65.5%)	1,598 (63.9%)	391 (72.8%)	<0.001
Triglyceride >150 mg/dL	1,363 (44.9%)	1,094 (43.8%)	269 (50.1%)	0.007
Reduced HDL-C^f	851 (28.0%)	667 (26.7%)	184 (34.3%)	<0.001
Abdominal obesity^g	2,056 (67.7%)	1673 (66.9%)	383 (71.3%)	0.048
Diabetes mellitus	554 (18.2%)	422 (16.9%)	132 (24.6%)	<0.001
Hypertension	1,727 (56.9%)	1,400 (56.0%)	327 (60.9%)	0.038
Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL)	110.3±23.7	109.8±23.9	112.9±22.5	0.006
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	125.4±62.6	124.0±62.8	132.2±61.4	0.006
HDL^h (mg/dL)	55.0±14.1	55.5±14.2	52.7±13.7	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	87±8.9	86.7±8.8	88.7±9	<0.001

Notes: Data are presented as numbers and percentages, or mean values and standard deviations. ^aThe Student’s t-test was used to analyze continuous variables while the Χ² test was applied for categorical variables. ^bBMI, body mass index. ^cNAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ^dMetS, metabolic syndrome. ^eElevated blood pressure is defined when a patient has a systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg, or a diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg, or a history of hypertension (according to the patient’s self-report or medical record). ^fA reduced HDL-C (High-density lipoprotein cholesterol) level is defined as a serum HDL-C level <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women. ^gAbdominal obesity is defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and in ≥80 cm women. ^hHDL, high-density lipoprotein.

Table 2 Binary Logistic Regression Models for Predicting Factors Associated with the Development of Gallstone Disease

Model 1^i	OR^j	95% CI^k	p-value
MetS^l	1.31	1.05–1.64	0.02
Model 2^m
Elevated blood pressure	0.97	0.74–1.27	0.82
Fasting Plasma Glucose>100 mg/dL	1.36	1.10–1.69	<0.001
Triglyceride >150 mg/dL	1.17	0.96–1.42	0.11
Reduced HDL-C^n	1.35	1.09–1.66	<0.001
Abdominal obesity	0.86	0.67–1.10	0.23

Notes: ⁱModel 1 was adjusted for age, sex, BMI and the presence of hypertension and diabetes; ^jOR, odds ratios; ^kCI, confidence interval; ^lMetS, metabolic syndrome; ⁿHDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ^mModel 2 was adjusted for age, sex, and BMI.